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The pupil diameter (PD), controlled by the autonomic nervous system, seems to provide a strong indication of affective arousal, as found by previous research, but it has not been investigated fully yet. In this study, new approaches based on monitoring and processing the PD signal for off-line and on-line "relaxation" vs. "stress" differentiation are proposed. For the off-line approach, wavelet denoising, Kalman filtering, data normalization, and feature extraction are sequentially utilized. For the on-line approach, a hard threshold, a moving average window and three stress detection steps are implemented. In order to use only the most reliable data, two types of data selection methods (paired t test based on galvanic skin response (GSR) data and subject self-evaluation) are applied, achieving average classification accuracies up to 86.43 and 87.20% for off-line and 72.30 and 73.55% for on-line algorithms, with each set of selected data, respectively. The GSR was also monitored and processed in our experiments for comparison purposes, with the highest classification rate achieved being only 63.57% (based on the off-line processing algorithm). The overall results show that the PD signal is more effective and robust for differentiating "relaxation" vs. "stress," in comparison with the traditionally used GSR signal.

This research establishes a better understanding of the syntax choices in speech interactions and of how speech, gesture, and multimodal gesture and speech interactions are produced by users in unconstrained object manipulation environments using augmented reality. The work presents a multimodal elicitation study conducted with 24 participants. The canonical referents for translation, rotation, and scale were used along with some abstract referents (create, destroy, and select). In this study time windows for gesture and speech multimodal interactions are developed using the start and stop times of gestures and speech as well as the stoke times for gestures. While gestures commonly precede speech by 81 ms we find that the stroke of the gesture is commonly within 10 ms of the start of speech. Indicating that the information content of a gesture and its co-occurring speech are well aligned to each other. Lastly, the trends across the most common proposals for each modality are examined. Showing that the disagreement between proposals is often caused by a variation of hand posture or syntax. Allowing us to present aliasing recommendations to increase the percentage of users' natural interactions captured by future multimodal interactive systems. CCS Concepts: • Human-centered computing → Human computer interaction (HCI); User studies; Mixed / augmented reality; Interaction techniques; Empirical studies in HCI; User centered design.

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