Resumo - Palavras-chave -Helianthus annus. Déficit hídrico. Características agronômicas. Genótipos.Abstract -With the objective to value the influence of six levels of irrigation in the agricultural performance of two cultivars of sunflower, (Catissol 01 e Embrapa 122 V-2000), was made an experiment at the Experimental Farm, Valley of Curu River,county of Pentecoste, CE. The experimental design adopted was randomized blocks with divided plots, with four replicates. The effect of six levels of irrigation based on percentage of evaporation of class A pan (ECA) by the factors 0.25; 0.50; 0.75; 1.00; 1.25 and 1.50 , was evaluated for the cultivars. The variables, diameter of head, mass of 1000 achenes, potential of production of achenes, content of oil of the achenes, potential of production of oil,were determined. The greater values were achieved by the cultivar "Catissol 01", except for the content of oil of the achenes,higher for the "Embrapa 122 V-2000". There were significant differences between the cultivars in the variable diameter of head and potential production of achenes. The level of irrigation of 533.70 mm (150% of ECA) proportioned the greater potential production of achenes that was of 4,222.76 and 3,948.02 kg ha -1 , and of oil 1,851.55 and 1,760.63 kg ha -1 to the cultivars Catissol 01 e Embrapa 122 V-2000, respectively.

R ESU M OObjetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar o crescimento vegetativo do girassol irrigado com diferentes lâminas de esgoto doméstico tratado e água de poço freático e adubado com diferentes doses de nitrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro de Pesquisa sobre Tratamento e Reúso de Águas Residuárias, em Aquiraz, CE. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas foram avaliados os efeitos dos dois tipos de água de irrigação sobre os parâmetros de crescimento da cultura e, nas subparcelas, os efeitos das cinco lâminas de irrigação baseadas em percentuais da evaporação do tanque classe A (ECA), que corresponderam à multiplicação da ECA pelos fatores 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 1,00 e 1,25; nas subsubparcelas determinou-se o efeito de quatro doses de adubação nitrogenada, a saber: 25, 50, 75 e 100 kg ha -1. A altura da planta, diâmetro do caule e número de folhas, aumentaram linearmente em função das lâminas de irrigação. Os valores obtidos para água de reúso sempre foram superiores aos obtidos com a água de poço. O diâmetro do capítulo aumentou de modo quadrático em função do aumento da lâmina de irrigação e das doses de adubo nitrogenado. Palavras-chave:Helianthus annuus L., esgoto tratado, gotejamento Growth of irrigated sunflower under different water sources and nitrogen fertilization A B ST R A C T The objective of the present study was to evaluate the growth of sunflower crop irrigated with different water sources (both treated wastewater and well water) and application of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer. The experiment was conducted at the Research Center of Treatment and Reuse of Sewer Water located in the municipality of Aquiraz in the State of Ceará, Brazil. The statistical design consisted of a randomized block in split-plots with four replications. In the plots, the effects of two types of irrigation water on sunflower growth parameters was evaluated and in the subplots the effects of the five irrigation levels; according to the percentage of Class A Evaporation Pan (ECA),corresponding to the multiplication of ECA by factors of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 levels were determined. In splitplots, the effects of the four rates of nitrogen (25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha -1 ) on the same growth parameters were evaluated. The plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves increased linearly as a function of the irrigation water levels. The parameter values obtained for wastewater were consistently higher than those obtained with well water. The capitulum diameter increased in a quadratic manner as a function of the irrigation water levels and nitrogen fertilizer rates.

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The poor chemical quality of water, especially in arid and semiarid regions, almost always precludes the practice of irrigated agriculture, thus demanding the adoption of techniques that mitigate the deleterious effects of excess salt on soil and plants. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilization in mitigating the negative effects of excess salt in irrigation water on the growth of yellow passion fruit seedlings grown in a greenhouse in plastic tubes containing 0.65 dm3 of substrate. The treatments were organized in randomized blocks, in accordance with a 5 × 3 factorial scheme – five electrical conductivities of irrigation water (0.3, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 dS m?1) combined with three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (no nitrogen fertilization and 150 mg dm?3 of N derived from either ammonium sulfate or urea). Evaluations were performed 80 days after sowing and consisted of measuring the seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf nitrogen content, leaf concentration of chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, and Dickson quality index. An increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water hindered the production of yellow passion fruit seedlings. Nitrogen fertilization, with urea or ammonium sulfate, mitigated the effects of irrigation water salinity and favored the growth and quality of yellow passion fruit seedlings. Yellow passion fruit seedlings with a minimum quality standard (DQI) can be produced with irrigation water with salinity of 1.8 dS m?1, which means they can be considered as moderately sensitive. The higher quality provided by nitrogen to the yellow passion fruit seedlings made them more tolerant to salinity, allowing the use of water with salinity of 2.1 and 2.5 dS m?1 under fertilization with ammonium sulfate and urea, respectively.

RESUMO -Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar níveis e formas de aplicação de nitrogênio sobre a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão caupi. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Campus do Pici da Universidade Federal do Ceará. As parcelas foram constituídas por seis linhas de 5 m espaçadas em 0,5 m, sendo a área útil às quatro linhas centrais desprezando-se 0,5 m em ambas as extremidades. A densidade de semeadura foi de 12 sementes m -1 . Nessa etapa obteve-se a produtividade de sementes. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada a partir dos testes: germinação, primeira contagem, emergência de plântulas, índice de velocidade de emergência e, massa seca da parte aérea. Os tratamentos consistiram na ausência de adubação nitrogenada e nas adubações com 15 e 30 kg ha -1 de nitrogênio em fundação e em cobertura. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. As adubações nitrogenadas não influenciaram a produtividade das plantas, a germinação das sementes e as variáveis de vigor primeira contagem, percentual de emergência e massa seca da parte aérea. O índice de velocidade de emergência foi afetado pela adubação nitrogenada, com os maiores valores obtidos das sementes oriundas das plantas não adubação e adubadas com nitrogênio na fundação, independente do nível. As adubações nitrogenadas, aqui empregadas, não interferem na produtividade das plantas e na qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão caupi cv. canapuzinho. Palavras-chave:Vigna unguiculata. Produtividade. Germinação. Vigor.ABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to evaluate different levels and modes of nitrogen application on the yield and physiological quality of the black-eyed or cow-pea. The work was carried out on the Pici Campus of the Federal University of Ceará. The plots were made up of six rows of 5m, spaced 0.5m apart, the available area consisting of the four central rows, disregarding 0.5m at either end. Seeding density was 12 seeds m -1 . At this stage, productivity from the seeds was obtained. The physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated by means of the following tests: germination, first count, emergence of seedlings, rate of emergence and shoot dry mass. The treatments consisted of the absence of nitrogen fertilization and of fertilization with 15 and 30 kg ha -1 of nitrogen, both in the soil and on the surface. Averages were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect plant productivity, seed germination nor the variables of vigour: first count, percentage of emergence and shoot dry mass. Nitrogen fertilization however did affect the rate of emergence, with the highest values being obtained from the seeds derived from unfertilized plants, and from those fertilized with nitrogen in the soil, regardless of the depth. Nitrogen fertilization as used here does not interfere with plant yield or with the physiological quality of cow-pea seeds cv. canapuzinho.

RESUMOA mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.), oleaginosa de relevante importância econômica e social no Nordeste, apresenta-se como alternativa para a produção do biodiesel. O experimento objetivou avaliar, em escala real, os aspectos produtivos da cultura da mamona irrigada com esgoto doméstico tratado. Empregou-se o sistema de microaspersão; a delimitação experimental foi de quatro repetições e quatro tratamentos: T1: água do poço e adubação recomendada; T2: esgoto doméstico tratado e adubação recomendada; T3: somente esgoto doméstico tratado e T4: esgoto doméstico tratado e metade da adubação recomendada. Verificou-se que as unidades irrigadas com esgoto tratado superaram as irrigadas com água, em quase todas as variáveis analisadas. A produtividade foi maior nos tratamentos irrigados com esgoto e adubação (T2) e (T4), alcançando produtividade de 1.986 e 1.412 kg ha -1 , respectivamente. O teor de óleo contido nas sementes foi analisado e não apresentou nenhuma diferença significativa entre os tratamentos com adubação (T1, T2 e T4), sendo que o tratamento com esgoto tratado (T3) forneceu baixíssimos teores de óleo na semente. Palavras-chave:Ricinus communis, reúso, biodiesel, produção Productivity of castor bean irrigated with treated domestic sewage ABSTRACTThe castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), an oil crop of economic and social importance for the Northeast region of Brazil, can be used for biodiesel production. The experiment aimed to evaluate, at a realistic scale, the productive aspects of the castor bean irrigated with treated sewage. Microsprinkler irrigation method was selected, and the experimental setup consisted of four repetitions and four different treatments: well water and recommended fertilization (T1); treated wastewater and recommended fertilization (T2); treated wastewater without external recommended fertilization (T3); and treated wastewater and half of recommended fertilization (T4). It was found that units irrigated with treated sewage exceeded the ones irrigated with well water in almost all variables. The highest productivities were in the treatments with wastewater and fertilization (T2) and wastewater and half of recommended fertilization (T4), reaching 1,986 and 1,412 kg ha -1 , respectively. The castor seeds oil content was also investigated, no significati difference among the treatments with recommended fertilization (T1, T2 and T4) was verified. The treatment tested with effluent without recommended fertilization (T3) provided very low oil content in the seeds.

The lack of good quality water for agriculture purposes regarding salts and quantity in relation to demand for the plants has, for more than 30 years, been forcing the use of restrictive water because of salinity issues in agricultural production systems worldwide. In Brazil, the situation is no different, in the semi-arid areas, there are reports of losses of seed germination, initial growth of seedlings and yield of crops of commercial importance due to the salinity of the water used in irrigation systems. Therefore, an experiment was carried out from June to September/2014 in a protected environment, with a plastic film on the upper base and a thin screen against insects on the sides, to evaluate the effects of salinity interaction between water irrigation and nitrogen fertilisation sources on soil salinity, initial plant growth and the quality of the jackfruit seedlings. The treatments were distributed in randomised blocks, in the factorial scheme 5 × 3, reference irrigation water of 0.3, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 dS m -1 , in soil with and without ammonium sulfate and urea. An increase in the salinity of the irrigation water to 1.32 and 1.70 dS m -1 on the substrate without nitrogen stimulated an increase in the number of leaves and leaf area of the jackfruit seedlings. The ammonium sulfate was the nitrogen source that mainly contributed to the increase of soil salinity and to the reduction of the quality index of the seedlings. Despite the reduction of the Dickson quality index due to the salinity of the irrigation water and the nitrogen sources, the seedlings were suitable for cultivation. Key words: Artocarpus heterophyllus, water salinity, nitrogen fertilisers. ResumoA falta de água de boa qualidade para fins agrícola em relação aos sais e quantidade em relação à demanda pelas plantas tem, há mais de 30 anos, forçado o uso de água restritiva por problemas de salinidade em sistemas de produção agrícola em todo o mundo. No Brasil, a situação não é diferente; nas áreas semiáridas, há relatos de perdas de germinação de sementes, crescimento inicial de mudas e rendimento de culturas de importância comercial devido à salinidade da água utilizada em sistemas de irrigação. Assim, foi realizado um experimento de junho a setembro de 2014 em ambiente protegido, com filme plástico na base superior e tela fina nas laterais contra insetos, para avaliar os efeitos da interação salinidade entre irrigação e fontes de fertilização nitrogenada na salinidade do solo, crescimento inicial da planta e qualidade das mudas de jaqueira. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 5 × 3, referente às água de irrigação de 0,3; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0 dS m -1 , em solo com e sem sulfato de amônio e ureia. O aumento na salinidade da água de irrigação para 1,32 e 1,70 dS m -1 no substrato sem nitrogênio estimulou aumento no número de folhas e área foliar das plântulas de jaqueira. O sulfato de amônio foi à fonte de nitrogênio que mais contribuiu para o aumento da salinidade do solo e para a redução ...

Coeficientes de cultura do feijão caupi na região Litorânea do Ceará  Maria do Socorro Medeiros de Souza1; Francisco Marcus Lima Bezerra1;  Elizita Maria Teófilo21Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola/CCA/Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, msmsousa@hotmail.com 2Departamento de Fitotecnia/CCA/ Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE  1 RESUMO A evapotranspiração e os coeficientes de cultura do feijão caupi cultivar Setentão foram estimados através de um conjunto de lisímetros de drenagem na região de Fortaleza, CE. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Laboratório de Hidráulica e Irrigação/DENA/UFC. A evapotranspiração de referência ETo foi estimada pelos métodos Penman-Monteith FAO e tanque Classe A. Os dados mostraram que a evapotranspiração do caupi foi crescente em quase todo o ciclo da cultura, alcançando um valor máximo no estádio de floração. A lâmina total de água aplicada, aos 69 dias de estudo, foi de 447,2 mm e a evapotranspiração acumulada de 337,4 mm. Os valores dos coeficientes de cultura variaram de 0,42 a 1,52 e dependeram do método de estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência, embora tenham apresentado a mesma tendência de variação ao longo do ciclo, independente do método de estimativa de ETo, a qual variou de 3,71 a 5,79 mm dia-1 para o tanque Classe A e de 4,83 a 6,30 mm dia-1 para Penman-Monteith FAO. UNITERMOS: Vigna ungüiculata L., Balanço hídrico, lisímetro de drenagem, Penman-Monteith FAO.  Souza, M. do S. M. de; Bezerra, F. M. L.; Teófilo, E. M.  Coefficients of COWPEA BEAN culture in the COASTAL AREA of CEARÁ  2 ABSTRACT Evapotranspiration and the coefficients for cultivar Setentão of cowpea bean culture were estimated through a group of drainage lysimeters in the region of Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the laboratory of Hydraulics and Irrigation, DENA, UFC. Reference evapotranspiration  (ETo) was calculated using the Penman-Monteith FAO method and a Class A pan. Data showed that the cowpea bean evapotranspiration increased during almost all the culture cycle and reached the maximum value in the blossoming stage. The total applied water sheet, at 69 days of the experiment, was 447.2 mm and accumulated evapotranspiration was 337.4mm. Culture coefficient values have ranged from 0.42 to 1.52 and depended on the reference evapotranspiration estimate methods, although they presented the same variation tendency throughout the cycle, independently of the ETo estimate methods. ETo ranged from 3.71 to 5.79 mm day-1 for the Class A pan and from 4.83 to 6.30 mm day-1 for Penman-Monteith FAO method. Keywords: Vigna ungüiculada L., water balance, drainage lysimeter, reference evapotranspiration, Penman-Monteith FAO.