Background: Antibiotics have been implicated in the reactivation of exanthema and systemic involvement in drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS); however, it is not clear whether these patients become sensitized to the antibiotic.Objective: To evaluate if, after DRESS, patients become sensitized to antibiotics.
Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the patch test (PT) data and clinical files of DRESS patients who were administered antibiotics during DRESS from other culprits.
Residues of Cistus ladanifer obtained after commercial steam distillation for essential oil production were evaluated to produce cellulose enriched solids and added-value lignin-derived compounds. The delignification of extracted (CLRext) and extracted and hydrothermally pretreated biomass (CLRtreat) was studied using two organosolv processes, ethanol/water mixtures (EO), and alkali-catalyzed glycerol (AGO), and by an alkali (sodium hydroxide) process (ASP) under different reaction conditions. The phenolic composition of soluble lignin was determined by capillary zone electrophoresis and by Py-GC/MS, which was also used to establish the monomeric composition of both the delignified solids and isolated lignin. The enzymatic saccharification of the delignified solids was also evaluated. The ASP (4% NaOH, 2 h) lead to both the highest delignification and enzymatic saccharification (87% and 79%, respectively). A delignification of 76% and enzymatic hydrolysis yields of 72% were obtained for AGO (4% NaOH) while EO processes led to lower delignification (maximum lignin removal 29%). The residual lignin in the delignified solids were enriched in G- and H-units, with S-units being preferentially removed. The main phenolics present in the ASP and AGO liquors were vanillic acid and epicatechin, while gallic acid was the main phenolic in the EO liquors. The results showed that C. ladanifer residues can be a biomass source for the production of lignin-derivatives and glucan-rich solids to be further used in bioconversion processes.
DISCUSSIONThis relatively low reactivity to IPBC, and the higher prevalence in males and those aged >40 years, are consistent with results from another European centre, 7 but are distinct from results from the last 10 years in North America. They showed higher reactivity to IPBC (between 3.1% and 4.7%), possibly because of the inclusion of doubtful results and the higher patch test concentration (0.5% pet). 8 Low IPBC reactivity contrasts with high reactivity to isothiazolinones (>14%), 9 which is still found among our patients in many household and professional products and occasional
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