The optoelectronic properties of macromolecular semiconductors depend fundamentally on their solid-state microstructure and phase morphology. Hence, it is of central importance to manipulate -from the outset -the molecular arrangement and packing of this special class of polymers from the nano-to the micrometer scale when they are integrated in thin film devices such as photovoltaic cells, transistors or light-emitting diodes, for example. One effective strategy for this purpose is to vary their molecular weight. The reason for this is that materials of different weight-average molecular weight (Mw) lead to different microstructures. Polymers of low Mw form unconnected, extended-chain crystals because of their non-entangled nature. As a result, a polycrystalline, one-phase morphology is obtained. In contrast, high-Mw materials, in which average chain lengths are longer than the length between entanglements, form two-phase morphologies comprised of crystalline moieties embedded in largely un-ordered (amorphous) regions. Here, we discuss how changes in these structural features affect exciton dissociation processes. We utilise neat regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) of varying Mw as a model system and apply time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy to probe the electronic landscape in a range of P3HT thin-film architectures. We find that at 10 K, PL originating from recombination of long-lived charge pairs decays over microsecond timescales. Tellingly, both the amplitude and decay-rate distribution depend strongly on Mw. In films with dominant one-phase, chain-extended microstructures, the delayed PL is suppressed as a result of a diminished yield of photoinduced charges. Its decay is significantly slower than in two-phase microstructures. We therefore conclude that excitons in disordered regions between crystalline and amorphous phases dissociate extrinsically with yield and spatial distribution that depend intimately upon microstructure, in agreement with previous work [Paquin et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2011, 106, 197401]. We note, however, that independent of Mw, the delayed-PL lineshape due to charge recombination is representative of that in low-Mw microstructures. We thus hypothesize that charge recombination at these low temperatures -and likely also charge generation -occur in torsionally disordered chains forming more strongly coupled photophysical aggregates than those in the steady-state ensemble, producing a delayed PL lineshape reminiscent of that in paraffinic morphologies at steady state. 2

The electronic properties of macromolecular semiconductor thin films depend profoundly on their solid-state microstructure, which in turn is governed, among other things, by the processing conditions selected and the polymer's chemical nature and molecular weight. Specifically, lowmolecular-weight materials form crystalline domains of cofacially π-stacked molecules, while the usually entangled nature of higher molecular-weight polymers leads to microstructures comprised of molecularly ordered crystallites interconnected by amorphous regions. Here, we examine the interplay between extended exciton states delocalized along the polymer backbones and across polymer chains within the π-stack, depending on the structural development with molecular weight.Such two-dimensional excitations can be considered as Frenkel excitons in the limit of weak intersite coupling. We combine optical spectroscopies, thermal probes, and theoretical modeling, focusing on neat poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) -one of the most extensively studied polymer semiconductors -of weight-average molecular weight (M w ) of 3-450 kg/mol. In thin-film structures of high-molecular-weight materials (M w > 50 kg/mol), a balance of intramolecular and intermolecular excitonic coupling results in high exciton coherence lengths along chains (~4 thiophene units), with interchain coherence limited to ~2.5 chains. In contrast, for structures of low-M w P3HT (<40 kg/mol), the interchain exciton coherence is dominant (~20% higher than in architectures formed by high-molecular-weight materials). In addition, the spatial coherence within the chain is significantly reduced (by nearly 30%). These observations give valuable structural information; they suggest that the macromolecules in aggregated regions of high-molecular-weight P3HT adopt a more planar conformation compared to low-molecular-weight materials. This results in the observed increase in intrachain exciton coherence. In contrast, shorter chains seem to lead to torsionally more disordered architectures. A rigorous, fundamental description of primary photoexcitations in π-conjugated polymers is hence developed: two-dimensional excitons are defined by the chain-length dependent molecular arrangement and interconnectivity of the conjugated macromolecules, leading to interplay between intramolecular and intermolecular spatial coherence.

We probe charge photogeneration and subsequent recombination dynamics in neat regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) films over six decades in time by means of time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Exciton dissociation at 10K occurs extrinsically at interfaces between molecularly ordered and disordered domains. Polaron pairs thus produced recombine by tunnelling with distributed rates governed by the distribution of electron-hole radii. Quantum-chemical calculations suggest that hot-exciton dissociation at such interfaces results from a high charge-transfer character.

In this study, a generally applicable strategy is described to manipulate the optical properties of a wide range of polymer semiconductors in the solid state. Blending these materials with a non-conjugated, polar polymer matrix is found to be the processing key to a drastic change and red-shift of the absorption characteristics.

Dye-sensitized metal oxide polymer hybrid solar cells deliver a promising basis in organic solar cell development due to many conceptual advantages. Since the power conversion efficiency is still in a noncompetitive state, it has to be understood how the photocurrent contribution can be maximized (i.e., which dye-polymer properties are most beneficial for efficient charge generation in hybrid solar cells). By the comparison of three model systems for hybrid solar cells with TiO 2-dye-polymer interfaces, this paper was aimed at elucidating the role of the exact mechanism of charge generation. In the exciton dissociation (ED) case, an exciton that is generated in the polymer is split at the dye-polymer interface. Alternatively, this exciton can be transferred to the dye via an energy transfer (ET), upon which charge separation occurs between dye and TiO 2. For comparison, the third case is included in which the high lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the dye does not allow exciton separation or ET from the dye to the polymer, so that the dye only is responsible for charge generation. To separate effects owing to differences in energy levels of the involved materials from the impact of local order and disorder in the polymer close to the interface, this paper further comprises a detailed analysis of the polymer crystallinity based on the H-aggregate model. While the massive impact of the poly(3-hexylthiophene) crystallinity on device function has been outlined for bare metal oxide-polymer interfaces, it has not been considered for hybrid solar cells with dye-sensitized TiO 2. The results presented here indicate that all dye molecules in general influence the polymer morphology, which has to be taken into account for future optimization of hybrid solar cells. Apart from that, it can be suggested that ED on the polymer needs an additional driving force to work efficiently; thus, energy transfer seems to be currently the most promising strategy to increase the polymer photocurrent contribution.

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