Heterocoma is a Brazilian endemic genus resulting from the dismemberment of Sipolisiinae, in which only representatives with fruit containing phytomelanin were included in the genus. As the fruits of Asteraceae are known to be systematically important at various taxonomic levels and Heterocoma fruit has not been described previously, we studied the morphology and anatomy of the cypselas of all species of the genus, comparing them with other fruits in the family containing phytomelanin and evaluating the systematic potential at the specific and tribal levels. The fruits were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy. The morphological features of the fruit, including the carpopodium, ribs and pappi, varied in the genus and demonstrated potential for species discrimination. The anatomy showed a pattern for the genus with a uniseriate exocarp, the outer mesocarp composed of fibres arranged in several layers, the inner mesocarp composed of several layers of parenchyma, the endocarp, and phytomelanin deposited between the inner and outer mesocarp. This anatomical pattern of phytomelanin deposition differs from that of other Asteraceae with phytomelanin in their fruit. Heterocoma is also the only genus in Vernonieae that has phytomelanin deposition in the cypselas. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 179, 255–265.
Asteraceae is one of the most abundant families of the Brazilian flora, and it stands out on Brazilian red lists due to the large number of endangered and data-deficient species, since it is difficult to define a conservation status for the latter. A comparative analysis of red lists of the Brazilian flora focused on the Asteraceae is important, so we can assess the true degree of threat to which these plants are subjected faced with increasing environmental degradation. Our analysis compared red lists, and pointed out the most threatened species or data-deficient areas, species and genera. The study was based on the first and the current Official List of Endangered Species of the Brazilian Flora, and the Brazilian Flora Red List of Fundação Biodiversitas. Species were organized according to the endangered and data-deficient IUCN categories. Endangered species were also classified according to threat category. The highest numbers of threatened species were observed in the Cerrado, in the southeastern region, and in the state of Minas Gerais, as well as in the genera Lychnophora Mart., Vernonia Schreb., and Richterago Kuntze. The genera Aspilia Thouars, Baccharis L., Calea L., Eupatorium L., Mikania Willd., Piptocarpha R.Br., and Senecio L. have the greatest number of data-deficient species. Since the current Official List does not make clear its threat criteria, the Red List of Fundação Biodiversitas best portrays the situation of endangered Asteraceae species; thus, this analysis provides important information for projects aimed at the conservation of threatened and data-deficient species. Key words: Asteraceae, threatened brazilian flora, plant red list. ResumoA família Asteraceae é de grande representatividade na composição florística do Brasil, e se destaca nas listas da flora ameaçada brasileira devido ao grande número de espécies ameaçadas e com ausência de dados que permita uma definição do status de conservação. A análise comparativa das Listas Vermelhas da Flora do Brasil para Asteraceae é de importância para caracterizar o verdadeiro grau de ameaça das suas espécies diante do crescente processo de degradação ambiental. O estudo estabelece as diferenças dessas listas e diagnostica as áreas e os gêneros mais ameaçados e/ou deficientes em dados. A análise foi baseada na Primeira Lista Oficial da Flora Brasileira, na Revisão da Lista realizada pela Fundação Biodiversitas e na Lista Oficial Atual. Os dados foram organizados em espécies ameaçadas e deficientes em dados, e foram quantificados por gênero e número de espécies. As espécies ameaçadas foram quantificadas também por categoria de ameaça. O Cerrado, a Região Sudeste, o estado de Minas Gerais e os gêneros Lychnophora Mart., Richterago Kuntze e Vernonia Schreb. possuem os maiores números de espécies ameaçadas, e Aspilia Thouars, Baccharis L., Calea L., Eupatorium L., Mikania Willd., Piptocarpha R.Br. e Senecio L. possuem os maiores números de espécies deficientes em dados. Pela não divulgação dos critérios da Lista Oficial atual, a Lista Vermel...
The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.
A new species of Senecio section Adamantina is here described as Senecio hortensiae (Senecioneae, Asteraceae), an endemic species from Parque Nacional dos Pontões Capixabas, Espírito Santo state, Brazil. This new species is recognised by the sessile leaves densely clustered at the median part of the stem and by the radiate capitula in a terminal lax panicle. It is closely related to Senecio graciellae but differs basically by the size and margins of the leaves, capitulescence and number of ray florets. Illustrations, comments, distribution map, and conservation status are provided for the new species. Additionally, a diagnostic key to the species of Senecio section Adamantina is provided.
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A tradução e interpretação profissionais agem sobre textos e discursos como um serviço de comunicação em contextos específicos de interação social. Ao se avaliar a qualidade desse serviço, os atores humanos envolvidos e suas intenções e outros parâmetros da situação de comunicação precisam ser levados em consideração. A variabilidade nas suas posições e na capacidade de aferir vários parâmetros de qualidade fazem da avaliação da qualidade um construto composto de um certo grau de subjetividade.
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