The utility of cancer whole genome and transcriptome sequencing (cWGTS) in oncology is increasingly recognized. However, implementation of cWGTS is challenged by the need to deliver results within clinically relevant timeframes, concerns about assay sensitivity, reporting and prioritization of findings. In a prospective research study we develop a workflow that reports comprehensive cWGTS results in 9 days. Comparison of cWGTS to diagnostic panel assays demonstrates the potential of cWGTS to capture all clinically reported mutations with comparable sensitivity in a single workflow. Benchmarking identifies a minimum of 80× as optimal depth for clinical WGS sequencing. Integration of germline, somatic DNA and RNA-seq data enable data-driven variant prioritization and reporting, with oncogenic findings reported in 54% more patients than standard of care. These results establish key technical considerations for the implementation of cWGTS as an integrated test in clinical oncology.

Beta glucans, complex polysaccharides, prime leukocyte dectin-1 and CR3-receptors and enhance anti-tumor cytotoxicity of complement-activating monoclonal antibodies. We conducted a phase I study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00492167) to determine the safety of the combination of yeast-derived beta glucan (BG) and anti-GD2 murine monoclonal antibody 3F8 in patients with relapsed or refractory high-risk neuroblastoma. Patients received intravenous 3F8 (fixed dose of 10 mg/m2/day × 10 days) and oral BG (dose-escalated from 10–200 mg/kg/day × 17 days in cohorts of 3–6 patients each). Forty-four patients completed 141 cycles. One patient developed DLT: transient self-limiting hepatic transaminase elevation 5 days after starting BG (120 mg/kg/day). Overall, 1, 3, 12 and 24 evaluable patients had complete response, partial response, stable and progressive disease, respectively, at the end of treatment. Positive human anti-mouse antibody response and dectin-1 rs3901533 polymorphism were associated with better overall survival. BG dose level and serum BG levels did not correlate with response. Progression-free and overall survival at 2 years were 28% and 61%, respectively. BG lacked major toxicity. Treatment with 3F8 plus BG was associated with anti-neuroblastoma responses in patients with resistant disease. Although the maximal tolerated dose for yeast BG was not reached, considering the large volume of oral BG, we recommended 40 mg/kg/day as the phase II dose.

10028 Background: Chemoresistant disease is an obstacle for cure of high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB). Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) dinutuximab and naxitamab in combination with cytokines are FDA-approved to consolidate remission and for chemorefractory osteomedullary HR-NB, but responses in progressive disease (PD) are rare. We investigated the combination of Humanized anti-GD2 MoAb naxitamab (Hu3F8), Irinotecan, Temozolomide and Sargramostim (GMCSF) in a phase II "HITS" protocol against resistant HR-NB (NCT03189706). Noteworthy differences between HITS and COG protocol ANBL 1221 included higher MoAb and temozolomide dosage and overlap of naxitamab with GMCSF. Methods: Patients were treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering (MSK) on protocol and at Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (HJSD) per protocol on compassionate basis. Salient eligibility criteria included evaluable or measurable chemoresistant disease. Prior anti-GD2 MoAb or irinotecan/temozolomide (IT) therapy was permitted. Each cycle, administered 3-5 weeks apart, comprised irinotecan 50 mg/m2/day intravenously (IV) plus temozolomide 150 mg/m2/day IV or orally (days 1-5); naxitamab 2.25 mg/kg/day IV, days 2,4,8 and 10, and GMCSF 250 mg/m2/day subcutaneously, days 6-10. Toxicity was measured by CTCAE v4.0 and responses by International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria. Objective responses (OR) were also noted. The primary endpoint of the phase II trial was complete (CR) and partial response (PR) after 4 cycles with a desirable rate of 40%; type I and II errors of 10% (undesirable=20%). Results: Of 90 heavily prior-treated patients (38 at MSK evaluated on trial, 52 at HJSD), 8 had HR-NB refractory to induction chemotherapy while 82 had up to 6 prior relapses (median=1). 503 cycles (median 5/patient) were administered. Toxicities included myelosuppression and diarrhea expected with IT, pain and hypertension expected with naxitamab, plus febrile neutropenia in 4%. No other >grade 2 unexpected toxicities occurred; treatment was outpatient. Primary endpoint was reached in the phase II trial: INRC response = 30.6%, lower boundary = 20.4%. In the entire cohort, best responses were CR (26%), PR (11%), mixed response (9%), stable disease (27%) and PD (27%). OR were noted in 64%, with soft tissue (48%) and skeletal MIBG uptake (66%). CR in BM was seen in 57%. OR occurred in patients with MYCN-amplified (25%), refractory (100%) and relapsed (61%) HR-NB; and patients who had previously received I/T (64%) or naxitamab (68%). In patients who had previously received dinutuximab/IT, OR rate to HITS was 42% (5/12). Human anti-human antibody did not develop in any patient (n=50). Conclusions: Naxitamab-based chemoimmunotherapy was safe without immunogenicity. It was effective against chemoresistant HR-NB in all disease compartments even in patients with multiple prior relapses, and in patients who previously received anti-GD2 MoAbs and/or IT.

Background: Ganglioneuroblastoma intermixed (GNBI) is classified as "favorable" histology by International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification system. However, the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) stratifies patients using wider clinicopathological and cytogenetic/molecular parameters. While the diagnosis of GNBI is typically made on resected tumor, it may sometimes be rendered on initial biopsy.We studied GNBI noted at diagnosis to evaluate its correlation with INRG staging and other clinicopathological and molecular features. Methods:In this retrospective study, clinical, radiological, pathological, cytogenetic, and molecular information from patients with GNBI at diagnosis seen between 1995 and 2021 was analyzed. INRG staging was performed.Results: Of the 15,827 neuroblastoma specimens, GNBI was noted in 237 patients. Of these, 53 had the initial pathological diagnosis of GNBI; median follow-up 3.5 (range: 0.2-14) years. Disease was locoregional in 41 (77%, 16 stage L1 and 25 L2); none relapsed. Twelve (23%) had metastatic disease at presentation; six (50%) relapsed, and two died of disease. MYCN was amplified in two metastatic tumors. Six of 31 (19%) tumors tested had recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities and nonrecurrent somatic gene mutations in 10/23 (43%). The presence of any adverse molecular/cytogenetic findings was associated with metastatic disease (p < .05). For patients with localized GNBI undergoing both biopsy and resection, GNBI was diagnosed in both in 17/19 (90%).Conclusions: Localized GNBI at diagnosis has excellent long-term clinical outcome even without cytotoxic therapy. For localized GNBI, a biopsy sample is adequate to

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease type 1 (XLP1) is a primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the SH2D1A gene (SH2 domain containing protein 1A). Patients with XLP1 may present acutely with fulminant infectious mononucleosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and/or B-cell non–Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). We report a boy who developed 2 clonally distinct B-NHL 4 years apart and was found to have previously unrecognized XLP1. The report highlights the importance of clonal analysis and XLP1 testing in males with presumed late recurrences of B-NHL, and the role of allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) in XLP1 patients and their affected male relatives.