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It is thought that externally applied bleaching agents may penetrate into the pulp chamber. This study was conducted to evaluate the diffusion of peroxide bleaching agents into the pulp chamber of teeth restored with various restorative materials. Sixty-five human extracted anterior maxillary teeth were separated into the 13 groups containing 5 teeth. Five teeth (control group) were not subjected to any cavity preparation and restoration. Standardized class V cavities were prepared in the other 60 teeth and restored using composite resin (Charisma), polyacid modified composite resin (Dyract), or resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Vitremer). All teeth were sectioned 3 mm apical to the cementoenamel junction to remove the intracoronal pulp tissue, and the pulp chamber was filled with acetate buffer to absorb and stabilize any peroxide that might penetrate. Vestibular crown surfaces of teeth in the experimental groups were subjected to four different bleaching agents for 30 min at 37 degrees C, whereas the teeth in the control groups were exposed only to distilled water. Then the acetate buffer solution in the pulp chamber of each tooth was removed, and the pulp chamber of each tooth was rinsed with 100 ml of distilled water twice. Leukocrystal violet and enzyme horseradish peroxidase were added to the mixture of the acetate buffer and rinse water. The optical density of the resulting blue solution was determined spectrophotometrically and converted into microgram equivalents of hydrogen peroxide. Higher hydrogen peroxide concentrations resulted in a higher pulpal peroxide penetration. The highest pulpal peroxide penetration was found in resin-modified glass ionomer cement groups, whereas composite resin groups showed the lowest pulpal peroxide penetration.

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Aim: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of different layering techniques (bulk, oblique, centripetal, split horizontal) on the marginal microleakage of Class II adhesive restorations. Methodology: Forty-eight standardised Class II cavities were prepared on both mesial and distal sides of extracted non-carious human molar teeth. Following preparation, all specimens were randomly divided into four groups (n=12). Group 1: bulk technique; Group 2: oblique incremental technique; Group 3: centripetal incremental technique; Group 4: split horizontal incremental technique. The teeth were restored with a total-etch adhesive system and a microhybrid composite resin. After thermocycling and immersion in a 0.2% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, the restorations were sectioned, and dye penetration was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. The microleakage scores (0 to 4) obtained from the occlusal and gingival margins were analysed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (p<0,05). Results: Incremental placement techniques showed lower microleakage compared with bulk and lower microleakage was seen at occlusal margin compared with gingival margin. However, there were no statistically significant differences among four placement techniques and the margins (p>0,05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, none of the four placement techniques were found to be effective in eliminating marginal microleakage entirely in Class II restorations. All of the placement techniques showed similar results when the cavity margins were located on the enamel.

Pur po se:To determine the factors that influence surgical success in patients with intermittent exotropia. Ma te ri al and Met hod: We retrospectively evaluated the records of patients with intermittent exotropia who were diagnosed, operated, and followed up. Successful outcome was defined as alignment ≤10 prism diopters (PD) esophoria or exophoria at the last follow-up visit. The clinical findings, exodeviation types, surgical ages, operation types, preoperative and postoperative deviation amounts, presence of anisometropia and amblyopia, presence of A-or V-pattern, and presence of binocular vision and stereoacuity of patients were evaluated. We investigated the independent variables that affected the surgical success in intermittent exotropia patients. Re sults: Among the 379 patients included in the study, 266 (70.18%) underwent surgery, and the success rate was 68.05% (181 patients). In this successful surgery group, mean deviation was 25.82±11.27 PD at near and 30.80±10.59 PD at distance versus 30.93±12.47 PD and 34.92±11.02 PD, respectively, in the unsuccessful surgery group. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Preoperative factors, such as presence of binocular vision preoperatively, and postoperative factors, such as followup period and the patients' deviation amount in the 1st week and 6 th month, were found to affect the surgical outcome. Dis cus si on: The success rate of surgical treatment of intermittent exotropia increases in the patients with presence of fusion and low preoperative deviation amounts. Also, in the early postoperative period, orthophoric or ≤10 PD esophoric patients have a higher final surgical success rate. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2013; 43: 107-12) Özet Amaç: İntermitan ekzotropya tedavisinde cerrahi başarıyı etkileyen faktörleri incelemek. Ge reç ve Yön tem: Kliniğimizde tanı konulup, ameliyat edilen ve takibi yapılan intermitan ekzotropya tanılı hastaların kayıtları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastaların klinik bulguları, kayma tipleri, cerrahi geçirdikleri yaşları, uygulanan cerrahi yöntemler, operasyon öncesi ve sonrası kayma miktarları, anizometropi ve ambliyopi varlığı, A-V patern birlikteliği, binoküler görme düzeyleri değerlendirildi. Operasyon sonrası son kontrollerinde hastalarda kayma miktarı 10 prizm dioptri (PD) ve altında ezoforya veya ekzoforya olması başarılı sonuç olarak kabul edildi. İntermitan ekzotropyalı hastalarda cerrahi başarıyı etkileyen bağımsız değişkenler araştırıldı. Sonuçlar: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 379 hastanın 266'sına (%70,18) cerrahi uygulandığı görüldü ve cerrahi başarı oranı %68,05 (181 hasta) idi. Cerrahi başarı grubunda operasyon öncesi ortalama kayma miktarı, yakında 25,82±11,27 PD, uzakta 30,80±10,59 PD iken başarısız cerrahi grubunda sırasıyla 30,93±12,47 PD ve 34,92±11,02 PD idi. İki grup arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık vardı. Preoperatif bir faktör olan binoküler görme varlığının ve postoperatif faktörler olan ortalama takip süresi ile cerrahiden sonraki 1. hafta ve 6. aydaki hastanın kay...