In this study a total of 269 adult lower limb long bones were examined to determine the number and location of the nutrient foramina in the shafts of bones. The mean of foraminal index was 48.82 for femur, 33.17 for tibia, and 47.82 for fibula. The number of foramina noted were: two on the linea aspera in the middle third of the femur, one on the posterior surface of the upper third of the tibia, and one on the posterior surface of the middle third of the fibula.
Increased food consumption rich in fat and carbohydrate and sedentary lifestyle have seriously increased the rates of obesity and obesity-associated diseases in developed countries. Female mice with diet-induced obesity exhibit infertility and thus can serve as a model for human polycystic ovary syndrome. The aim of the present study was to examine how ovary is affected by diet-induced obesity. The effects of high-fat diet (HFD) on ovary morphology in mice fed with HFD were investigated using unbiased stereological methods. The ovary of mice fed with HFD (n=8, C1090-60, Altromine) for 9 weeks, were compared with that of mice fed with standard chow diet (n=8, C1090-10, Altromine). Stereological parameters were obtained in diestrus cycle. The samples were processed through routine and standard paraffin embedding and were serially sectioned in 5-µm thickness then, every 10th section was saved, stained with Crossman's triple stain for counting and measuring. In all sampled sections mean follicle numbers, diameters, total ovarian volume cortex to medulla ratio (Vv), ovum to cell ratio in secondary follicle were examined in all sampled sections. The present results showed that weight of ovarian and amount of intraperitoneal adipose tissue and the body weight markedly increased in obese mice when compared with control groups. Moreover, follicle numbers (except primordial follicles) and diameters were significantly increased in obese mice. Cortex to medulla ratio (Vv) and ovum to cell ratio in secondary follicle were also considerably different between experimental and the control groups. The present findings indicate that obesity adversely affects overall ovarian morphology.
Brain edema associated with the traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a clinical phenomenon that exacerbates delayed cell death and may threaten life for some patients. Edema formation following a primary cerebral insult is seen as a sequela of secondary THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES 143 Lazaroid Attenuates Edema by Stabilizing ATPase in the Traumatized Rat BrainRamazan Durmaz, Güngör Kanbak, Fahrettin Akyüz, Serap Isiksoy, Ferruh Yücel, Mine Inal, Esref Tel From -adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activities, tissue malondialdehyde levels and the neuronal viability in the rat brain subjected to cerebral trauma. Methods: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was introduced by applying a 75 gm. cm force to the right parietal cortex using the weight-drop method. The first set of animals was used for determining time course changes of the synaptosomal Na + /K + and Mg 2+/Ca 2+ -ATPase and the malondialdehyde levels and were sacrificed 2, 6 and 24h after lesion production. A group of the animals was treated with U-83836E proir to TBI and sacrificed 24h after cerebral injury. A second set of animals was used for evaluating the alterations in BBB disruption and tissue water content and were sacrificed 2, 6 and 24h after lesion production. Two groups of animals were treated with U-83836E and sacrificed after 2 and 24h following TBI. U-83836E was given intraperitoneally thirty minutes before trauma at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Neuronal necrosis was also evaluated in the groups of U-83836E and physiological saline-treated animals. Results: Extravasation of Evans blue into the traumatized hemisphere was maximum at 2h (p<0.001) and returned close to the control levels at 24h after TBI (p>0.05). Edema had developed progressively over time and reached the maximum degree of 2.1 % (p<0.001) at 24 h. U-83836E showed no effect on the BBB breakdown and the tissue water content at 2h and still had no effect on the BBB breakdown after 24h following the trauma (p>0.05), although it reduced edema after 24h (p<0.01). The losses of Na + /K + and Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase activities were found as 39.5 % (p<0.001) and 29.4 % (p<0.01) of the control value, respectively, and remained at the decreased levels throughout the experiment. Malondialdehyde level continued to increase over time reaching up to 209 % (p<0.001) of the control value 24h after TBI. Both ATPase activities were improved to near control values (p>0.05) by the effect of U-83836E. U-83836E inhibited the increase of lipid peroxidation (p<0.001) and also salvaged neuronal necrosis (p<0.05). Conclusion: U-83836E given prophylactically after cerebral trauma appears to reduce edema, possibly by inhibiting increases in lipid peroxidation and by stabilizing ATPase. Further studies are recommended to verify the similar effects of the brain penetrating lazaroids when they are given after trauma.RÉSUMÉ: Le lazaroïd (U-83836E) atténue l'oedème en stabilisant l'activité Na + /K + et Mg 2+ /Ca 2+ -ATPase dans le cerveau de rat traumatisé. Objectif: Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la v...
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