Taurine (TA) ingestion has been touted as blunting the deleterious effects of ethanol (ET) ingestion on motor performance. This study investigated the effects of ingestion of 0.6 mL·kg-1 of ET, 6 grams of TA, and ethanol in combination with taurine (ET+TA) on economy of movement (EM) and heart rate (HR). Nine volunteers, five female (22 ± 3 years) and four male (26 ± 5 years), participated in a study that used a counterbalanced experimental design. EM and HR were measured for 6 min while the subjects were pedalling at a fixed load 10% below the anaerobic threshold. The blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was similar between ET and ET+TA treatments at 30 min after ingestion and after exercise (12.3 mmol·L-1 vs. 13.7 mmol·L-1, and 9.7 mmol • L-1 vs 10.9 mmol·L-1, respectively). EM was significantly different among treatments, with lower mL·W-1 following ingestion of TA (-7.1%, p<0.001) than placebo and ET+TA (-2.45%, p=0.001) compared to ET. HR (bpm) was significantly (p<0.05) higher for ET (137 ± 14 bpm) than the other three treatments (placebo = 129 ± 14 bpm; TA = 127 ± 11 bpm; TA+ET = 133 ± 12 and ET = 137 ± 14 bpm). Taurine improved EM when compared to placebo or ET, and reduced HR when compared to ET. The combination of ET+TA also enhanced EM compared to placebo, and reduced HR in comparison to ET alone. Therefore, these findings indicate that taurine improves EM and counteracts ethanol-induced increases in HR during submaximal exercise.
Introduction Military personnel must remain physically active to meet operational requirements. Military physical training not only provides the performance capabilities required for performing occupational tasks but also fosters the development of sport. Thus, Armed Forces across the world have historically invested in developing elite- and Olympic-level athletes. This study aimed to assess the anthropometric and physiological differences among groups of Brazilian military athletes (MA), non-military athletes (A), and military non-athletes (M). Materials and Methods Seventy-five individuals participated in the study: 17 MA (23.7 ± 4.8 years), 27 A (24.7 ± 5.3 years), and 31 M (26.9 ± 3.3 years). MA and A individuals specialized in endurance sports, and had a mean weekly training volume of (100.0 ± 34.8 and 106.3 ± 40.5 Km; F = 0.894, p = 0.6), respectively. Anthropometric measures and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2máx) were assessed in all participants. Ergospirometry and anthropometry variables were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for independent measures. Comparisons of weekly training volume (km) and training experience (years) were performed only between the A and MA using the Student’s t-test for independent samples. For a multidimensional approach, Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed for all variables using the online tool MetaboAnalyst. Results We found no differences in anthropometric and physiological profiles between A and MA, but significant differences between M and MA/A in body mass index (kg/m2) (BMI), body fat percentage, fat mass (kg), waist circumference (cm) (WC), somatotype, and V̇O2máx (mL min−1 kg−1). Conclusion In conclusion, military endurance athletes have similar anthropometric and physiological profiles to non-military athletes and superior levels to non-athlete military. These findings indicate that the Brazilian Armed Forces scouting system has been successful in identifying endurance athletic talent in line with their historic role of developing sport in Brazil.
Introduction and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different exercise protocols in the onset of maximal effort parameters. Methods: Nine healthy individuals (23 ± 4 year old; 177 ± 10 cm; and 77.1 ± 16 kg) participated in three progressive exercise tests (PR1 -15 W•min-1, PR2 -50 W•3 min-1, and PR3 -50 W•5 min-1) in a cycle ergometer. Oxygen consumption was measured in open circuit and was calculated at 20 s intervals. The maximal effort parameters considered here were: plateau in oxygen consumption ≤ 150 mL•min-1; maximal heart rate ≥ 95% predicted by age; blood lactate concentration (8.0 mM; and RER ≥ 1.1. Results: The VO2 max was not different among exercise tests (2.68 ± 1.0; 2.58 ± 1.0 and 2.99 ± 1.3 L•min-1 for PR1; PR2 and PR3, p = 0.72). The highest plateau occurrence was in PR1 (5 individuals). The heart rate criterion was observed in 3 individuals in PR3, while the lactate criterion was fulfilled in 6 subjects in the same PR3 protocol. Regarding the RER parameter, only 6 subjects in PR1 achieved values ≥ 1.1. Conclusion: It was concluded that the maximal effort parameters evaluated in this study are influenced by the exercise test, even when there are no differences in the VO2 max .
Introduction and objective: Delta efficiency (DE) and oxygen uptake kinetics (K O 2 ) are influenced by muscle metabolic parameters and oxygen transport. The aim of this study was to determine the difference in DE and K O 2 in three effort intensities in both genders. Methods: Fifty-six subjects (26 women) were submitted to a graded maximal exercise test (GXT) on cycle ergometer to determine the maximum oxygen uptake ( O 2max ), maximal power output (W max ), anaerobic threshold (AT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP). The AT and RCP were determined using the V-slope and E / O 2 methods; the RCP using the relationship O 2 versus E both by two investigators. The DE and K O 2 have been considered as a slope between O 2 versus Watts and O 2 versus time (s), respectively, from the beginning of test until AT (S 1 ), from AT to RCP (S 2 ) and from RCP to O 2max (S 3 ), determined by linear regression analysis. Results: Regarding DE, significant differences were observed between S 1 versus S 2 (p = 0.001), S 1 versus S 3 (p = 0.001) and S 2 versus S 3 (p = 0.006). There was no significant difference (p = 0.060) or interaction (p = 0.062) between men and women. For K O 2 , significant differences were observed between S 1 versus S 3 (p = 0.001) and S 2 versus S 3 (p = 0.001) in both genders. Significant differences (p = 0.001) and interaction (p = 0.006) were observed between men and women, in the last parameter. Conclusions: DE decreases with increasing intensity of power output, but there are no differences when comparing men and women. On the other hand, women present faster K O 2 than men.
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