<p>Se determinaron las afectaciones psicológicas, estrategias de afrontamiento y niveles de resiliencia de 677 adultos expuestos al conflicto armado en un municipio colombiano. Los participantes del estudio fueron seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio por afijación proporcional. Se aplicaron el cuestionario de síntomas, prueba de estrés postraumático y escalas de estrategias de afrontamiento y resiliencia. Las principales afectaciones psicológicas encontradas son el sentimiento de que alguien trata de hacerle daño, consumo de alcohol, alteraciones del estado de ánimo y síntomas de estrés postraumático. Las estrategias de afrontamiento más empleadas son la religión y esperar que las cosas se arreglen solas. El nivel de resiliencia es moderado. La percepción de salud es baja y la necesidad de atención es alta.</p>

Se determinaron las afectaciones psicológicas de 284 niños y adolescentes expuestos al conflicto armado en una zona rural colombiana, seleccionados mediante un muestreo aleatorio por afijación proporcional. Los instrumentos aplicados fueron: la Lista de chequeo de comportamiento infantil, el Auto-reporte de comportamientos de jóvenes, la Lista de síntomas postraumáticos, la Escala de estrategias de afrontamiento para adolescentes y la Escala de resiliencia para escolares. El 72% de la población presentó afectaciones psicológicas: el 64.4%, conductas internalizadas, el 47%, conductas externalizadas en rango clínico. El 32%, problemas somáticos; el 56%, se encontraba en riesgo de estrés postraumático, y el 93% consumía alcohol en grado moderado. La estrategia de afrontamiento más utilizada era dejar que las cosas se arreglaran solas. Se encontró una alta necesidad de atención en salud. Ser hombre constituyó un factor de riesgo de depresión, agresión y problemas sociales en los niños. A su vez, tener hasta doce años y estar cursando un grado escolar bajo, lo fue para los síntomas somáticos en adolescentes. Los resultados evidenciaron la afectación en la salud mental de los participantes.

As societies become increasingly diverse, mental health professionals need instruments for assessing emotional, behavioral, and social problems in terms of constructs that are supported within and across societies. Building on decades of research findings, multisample alignment confirmatory factor analyses tested an empirically based 8-syndrome model on parent ratings across 30 societies and youth self-ratings across 19 societies. The Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6-18 and Youth Self-Report for Ages 11-18 were used to measure syndromes descriptively designated as Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn/Depressed, Somatic Complaints, Social Problems, Thought Problems, Attention Problems, Rule-Breaking Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior. For both parent ratings (N = 61,703) and self-ratings (N = 29,486), results supported aggregation of problem items into 8 first-order syndromes for all societies (configural invariance), plus the invariance of item loadings (metric invariance) across the majority of societies. Supported across many societies in both parent and self-ratings, the 8 syndromes offer a parsimonious phenotypic taxonomy with clearly operationalized assessment criteria. Mental health professionals in many societies can use the 8 syndromes to assess children and youths for clinical, training, and scientific purposes.

The aim of this study is to examine how transformational and transactional leaders, boost the employees' innovative work behaviour, directly or through work engagement, organizational climate for innovation and absorptive capacity in Latin American firms. A non-random sample of 1429 employees was used who had been working at least one year in the current company. The sample, composed of workers from different industries, was collected in postgraduate programs of business schools from seven Latin American countries. A multi-group structural equation model was built with the involved variables, which adopted two different conditions: i.e., unconstrained and constrained questionnaire measurement weights. According to the results, leadership by itself is insufficient to promote employees innovative work behaviour. Transformational and transactional leadership exert effect on this behaviour only through absorptive capacity and work engagement respectively. Likewise, absorptive capacity and employee work ABOUT THE AUTHORThis paper belongs to a wider project entitled "Toward the construction of a new model of leadership to promotes Innovative Work Behaviour" which is developed by Universidad del Rosario in Bogotá Colombia and Universität Leipzig in Germany. The paper tests an exploratory model of the leadership influence on innovative work behavior and is the result of a collaborative work with colleagues from recognized schools of business in Latin-America, such as EGADE Business School in Mexico,

To estimate the most important flow variables in reservoir engineering, such as the relative permeability, it is required to know with high precision, other variables such as saturation, pressure drop of each phase, and porous media data such as porosity and absolute permeability. In this study, experimental tests were performed inside a glass micromodel using gas-liquid two-phase flow in steady-state conditions. The liquid-phase flow and the pressure drop of the porous media were determined. Additionally, the flow development inside the porous media was visualized using a high-speed video camera system. These pictures were recorded at 500 fps, and they were used to compute the phase saturation and the gas velocity in the glass micromodel. The visualization was performed in three regions of the glass micromodel demonstrating that saturation gradients were not present. The effect of the capillary number was studied over the gas-liquid relative permeability curves and on the flow mechanisms. It was concluded that high flow rates minimize edge effects, that the capillary number modifies the relative permeability values and the flow patterns inside the micromodel, and that the high-speed visualization is an efficient and accurate technique to determine saturation values and to study the flow patterns in transparent porous media such as glass micromodels.

In Colombia, there are more than 8,000,000 victims of the armed conflict, some of whom suffer physical and mental health problems or family, work, or social life issues—or both. Although some programs have been devised to treat these psychosocial problems, it still is necessary to evaluate their efficacy so that they may replicated. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to (1) assess the efficacy of a rurally based primary care mental health program that deals with the psychological problems of children, adolescents, and adults who have been victims of the armed conflict and (2) identify the relationships between stress, resilience, and coping skills in these adolescents and adults. The method used was a quasi-experimental design with separated samples and pre- and postintervention measures. By means of a multistage purposive-random sampling, 127 children, 162 adolescents, and 677 adults were selected for the preintervention sample and 126 children, 162 adolescents, and 676 adults for the postintervention sample. The application of a set of questionnaires allowed identifying some psychological problems at the pre- and poststage of the intervention program. A comparative analysis of the pre and post scores conducted through a Mann–Whitney test revealed a significant decrease in most of the psychological problem scores of children and adults, who changed from the clinical to the normal range. Adolescents who were in a normal preintervention range remained in that range. Both adolescents and adults reduced the use of negative coping skills. Resilience scores remained high after the intervention program. A structural equation modeling confirmed the relationships among stress, resilience, and coping skills, which were the same in adolescents at both the pre and post samples, as well as in adults at the pre and post samples.

The self-efficacy construct has been studied from two different viewpoints. Firstly, in a specific manner, as it was originally proposed and secondly, in a generalized way, defined as an optimistic self-belief of personal capability to cope efficiently and competently with a variety of situations. In order to measure this construct at the broadest level the General Self Efficacy Scale (GSE) was designed and adapted to Spanish in Costa Rica. This study aimed at validating the scale in a Colombian sample composed of college students. Participants were also administered the Situational Personality Questionnaire (named in Spanish as Cuestionario de Personalidad Situacional, CPS) and its factors have, theoretically speaking, a certain relationship with the studied construct. According to the results, the GSE showed a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha value of .83). Convergent and discriminant validity of this instrument were evaluated through the CPS and positive correlations were obtained with efficacy, confidence, self-concept and emotional stability while negative correlations were obtained with anxiety. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the unidimensional structure of the scale was validated.

Resumen.En este trabajo se presenta una reflexión sobre el debate de la minería ilegal en Colombia. Se abordan aspectos tales como el contexto legal e ilegal de la minería, los enfoques narrativos del mismo, los efectos ambientales y la existencia de una meta-narrativa que con supuestos básicos constituyentes contribuya a la solución del problema. Se utilizó un método de análisis de conceptos y criterios, dentro de un enfoque narrativo. El análisis indica que la metanarrativa de la comunidad con los supuestos constituyentes de la diversidad con inadecuación medios-fines y la relación productiva con el medio ambiente internalizando los efectos ambientales, junto con una lógica policontextural y dialógica, pueden ayudar a superar el conflicto entre las diferentes narrativas. Palabras clave.Minería ilegal, narrativa, medio ambiente, policontextual, dialógica. Abstract.This paper presents a reflection on the debate of illegal mining in Colombia. It addresses aspects such as the legal and illegal mining context, its narrative approaches, the environmental effects, and the existence of a meta-narrative that contributes to the solution of the problem with constituent basic assumptions. A method of analysis of concepts and criteria, within a narrative approach, was used.