Along the Galician coast, northwestern Spain, North Atlantic Central Water (NACW) upwells from 150 m in summer with a maximum intensity northwest of Galicia. There is a distinct difference between sub-surface waters of the western and northern coasts. The sub-surface water along the western coast is NACW proper, while along the northern coast the NACW is highly modified. The upwelling along the northern coast is displaced when invaded by eastern surface water.High concentrations of nitrate arising from the upwelling of coastal waters inside the rias occur when the upper NACW reaches the depth of the bottom of the rias. On the other hand, the estuarine circulation in the rias gives rise to an increase in the nutrient concentrations of the bottom water, which also affects the exterior coastal water.
A potentiometric analytical method is proposed for the determination of the alkalinity of seawater. The precision is 0.1% and each determination takes 3 min. The technique is very easy to use, even on board ship since it is carried out in open flasks. A polynomial equation is also proposed which greatly simplifies the theoretical expression.
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