Salmonella species are recognized as a major cause of foodborne illnesses that are closely associated with the consumption of contaminated poultry and egg products. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Salmonella populations and prevalence in layer feces during the laying cycle and molting of the hen and to characterize the layer fecal Salmonella isolates by serotyping, antibiotic resistance analysis, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Fecal samples were collected from a commercial layer complex consisting of 12 houses. Composite fecal samples across each row were collected as a function of bird age [18 wk (at placement), 25 to 28 wk (first peak of production cycle), 66 to 74 wk (molting), and 75 to 78 wk (second peak of production cycle)]. Bird ages and molting practice did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) Salmonella populations with an average of 1.25, 1.27, 1.20, and 1.14 log most probable number/g for the 18-, 25- to 28-, 66- to 74-, and 75- to 7-wk birds, respectively. However, the 18-wk birds had the highest prevalence of Salmonella (55.6%), followed by the 25- to 28-wk birds (41.7%), 75- to 78-wk birds (16.7%), and 66- to 74-wk birds (5.5%). Of the 45 Salmonella isolates characterized, the most predominant serovar was Salmonella Kentucky (62%). Thirty-five percent of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic. As expected, considerable genetic diversity was observed within and across the different serovars.

Salmonella colonization in poultry may be influenced by grain type and particle size. Broilers reared either in nonlitter cage-based housing or in a conventionally floored litter house from 0 to 42 d were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: 1) ground corn-soybean meal (C, 560 microm), 2) coarsely ground corn-soybean meal (CC, >1,700 microm), 3) ground triticale-soybean meal (T, 560 microm), or 4) whole triticale-soybean meal (WT). A 4-strain cocktail of Salmonella enterica was orally gavaged into each chick at placement. Growth performance, cecal and fecal Salmonella populations, gizzard and proventriculus pH, intestinal size, jejunum histomorphometry, and carcass yields were measured. Broilers responded differently to the dietary treatments according to the housing system used. At 42 d, birds reared on litter and fed ground grain had greater BW than those fed coarse grain (2.87 vs. 2.71 kg), whereas cage-reared broilers fed ground triticale were heavier than those fed corn (2.75 vs. 2.64 kg). Broilers raised on litter had a better feed conversion ratio than those raised in cages (1.71 vs. 1.81 g/g). Independent of the housing system, relative eviscerated carcass weights of birds fed T and C were heavier than those of CC- and WT-fed broilers (762 vs. 752 g/kg). Generally, the jejunum villus area and mucosal depth were larger, whereas the small intestine was lighter and shorter in broilers raised on litter. Relative gizzard weights of broilers raised on litter and fed the coarser diets were heavier than those of broilers reared in cages and fed finely ground diets. Feeding whole or coarsely ground grains decreased cecal Salmonella populations in 42-d-old broilers (3.8, 3.9, 4.4, and 4.4 log most probable number/g for CC, WT, C, and T, respectively). Additionally, 42-d-old broilers reared on litter had lower cecal Salmonella populations than those in cages (3.8 vs. 4.4 log most probable number/g). In conclusion, as a feed ingredient, triticale is a good alternative to corn, resulting in improved BW and reduced Salmonella colonization. Broilers raised on litter may have achieved lower cecal Salmonella populations than caged birds because access to litter may have modulated the intestinal microflora by increasing competitive exclusion microorganisms, which discouraged Salmonella colonization.

Objective: to construct reflections on the health education device, considering the educational health practices developed in the Primary Health Care and in the nursing training.Method: this is a reflexive essay based on the concept of a device proposed by Deleuze.Results: we unraveled the lines of visibility and enunciation, the lines of force and the lines of subjectivity of the health education device, highlighting the real wills implied in the modes of subjectivation produced in this device. The lines of visibility and enunciation of the health education device are located in visible, discursive, hybrid and contradictory fields, which at times are built from a specific notion of health and education and at different times by another notion. In this device, subject-educator and subject-learner are objects of the lines of force; they recompose and are recomposed by modulations configured in the spheres of power and knowledge. The projects of each subject can predispose lines of fracture and lead to productions of subjectivities that leave the powers and knowledge of a device to reinvent themselves in another device. In order to predispose lines of fracture in the health education device, it is necessary to design training processes that allow nurses to take creative positions in their health education practices.Conclusion: this essay allowed us to expand the conceptual territories involved in educational practices in health and nursing education, opening the way to understand the subjectivation processes in health education. DESCRIPTORS:Education in health. Primary health care. Nursing. Public health. Education in nursing. DISPOSITIVO EDUCAÇÃO EM SAÚDE: REFLEXÕES SOBRE PRÁTICAS EDUCATIVAS NA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA E FORMAÇÃO EM ENFERMAGEM RESUMOObjetivo: construir reflexões sobre o dispositivo educação em saúde, considerando as práticas educativas em saúde desenvolvidas na Atenção Primária à Saúde e a formação em enfermagem.Método: trata-se de um ensaio reflexivo que se ancora no conceito de dispositivo proposto por Deleuze.Resultados: desenredamos as linhas de visibilidade e de enunciação, as linhas de força e as linhas de subjetividade do dispositivo educação em saúde, destacando as vontades de verdade implicadas nos modos de subjetivação produzidos nesse dispositivo. As linhas de visibilidade e de enunciação do dispositivo educação em saúde instalam-se em campos visíveis, discursivos, híbridos e contraditórios, que em dados momentos se constroem a partir de uma noção específica de saúde e de educação e em momentos diferentes por outra. Nesse dispositivo, sujeito-educador e sujeito-educando são objetos das linhas de força; recompõem e são recompostos por modulações configuradas nas esferas do poder e do saber. Os projetos de cada sujeito podem predispor linhas de fratura e conduzir a produções de subjetividades que saem dos poderes e dos saberes de um dispositivo para se reinventar noutro. Para predispormos linhas de fratura no dispositivo educação em saúde, é necessário concebermos processos formativos qu...

This study was designed to determine the serotypes, genotypes, and antibiotic resistance (AbR) patterns of 42 Salmonella isolates recovered from either fecal or litter samples of 12 commercial turkey farms across two seasons (summer and winter) and two ages (3 and 19 weeks). Isolates were serotyped on the basis of the Kauffmann-White scheme. Genotyping was done by restriction digestion of cDNA (XbaI) and subsequent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The AbR was determined with Sensititre susceptibility plates. Serovar Kentucky was the most prevalent serotype (26%), followed by Senftenberg (19%), Muenster (17%), Mbandaka (10%), Javiana (7%), Hadar (5%), Heidelberg (5%), 8,(20):nonmotile (5%), Agona (2%), Infantis (2%), and 4,12:r:-(2%). Serovars Kentucky, Heidelberg, Hadar, and 8,(20):nonmotile were isolated only from the 19-week-old bird samples, whereas Senftenberg and Muenster were isolated only from the young birds (3 weeks old). Isolates within any one serotype showed minor PFGE banding pattern differences, but dendogram analysis indicated that sequence variability between serotypes was more significant than within serotypes. Isolates were resistant to tetracycline (86%), sulfisoxazole (71%), streptomycin (64%), gentamicin (41%), ampicillin (36%), kanamycin (26%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (7%), nalidixic acid (5%), cefoxitin (2%), and ceftiofur (2%). One isolate (Muenster) was resistant to nine antibiotics (2%), and the others were resistant to six (7%), five (12%), four (10%), three (21%), two (24%), and one (10%) antibiotic. Only two isolates (5%) were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. The AbR patterns were affected by age; on average, strains recovered from young birds were resistant to more than four drugs compared with fewer than three in older birds (P < 0.05). This study showed that Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes, genotypes and AbR patterns were affected by bird age but not by season or farm.

A study was conducted to determine 1) the effect of a dietary direct-fed microbial (DFM) on turkey poult performance, 2) the effect of a DFM on a Salmonella challenge, and 3) the effect of feed processing on the efficacy of the dietary DFM. Day-of-hatch Large White female poults were placed in 2 rooms in 2 Petersime batteries per room. Twelve pens of 7 birds each were used in each battery (24 pens per room, 336 birds total). One of 4 dietary feed treatments was assigned to each pen (6 pens per room for each diet). One room housed non-Salmonella-challenged poults, and the other room housed poults challenged with a 1-mL oral gavage of Salmonella (10(10) cfu/mL). A single batch of starter ration was split into 4 parts and used to provide 4 dietary treatments: 1) mash feed with no DFM (M), 2) mash feed with DFM (Primalac; 0.9 kg/tonne of feed, MD), 3) pelleted (20-s steam conditioning at 80 degrees C) and crumbled feed with no DFM (C), and 4) pelleted and crumbled feed with DFM (CD). Feed and deionized, distilled water were provided ad libitum. Data were collected and analyzed separately for each room. Mortality was recorded for each pen on a daily basis and totaled by week and for the 3-wk period. Individual BW and feed consumption, by pen, were measured weekly. Weekly and cumulative BW gains and feed to gain ratios (F:G) were calculated. Liver, spleen, total and lower intestinal tract weights, intestinal length, and most-probable-number Salmonella populations were determined for one randomly selected bird per pen. Feeding processed feed resulted in improved BW and F:G. Feeding the DFM improved 3-wk cumulative F:G in birds not gavaged and reduced relative intestinal weight in birds gavaged. Salmonella populations were reduced 1 log by feeding DFM. Dietary DFM improved bird performance, reduced Salmonella populations, and was not affected by feed processing.

Objetivo: caracterizar as complicações associadas ao uso da via subcutânea na infusão de medicamentos e soluções em cuidados paliativos. Métodos: estudo observacional, prospectivo, realizado na Unidade de Cuidados Paliativos de um hospital geral de ensino. Resultados: foram avaliados 78 pacientes em cuidados paliativos, nos quais foram realizadas 254 punções na via subcutânea para infusão de medicamentos e/ou soluções. A maioria era idosa (87,3%) e encontrava-se desnutrida (69,2%). Em 33,0%, a via foi indicada para controle de sintomas e, em 50,0%, a punção ocorreu na região anterolateral da coxa; 65,4% das punções não mostraram complicação. Dentre as complicações identificadas, 9,4% foram edema e 9,1% hiperemia, sendo que 53,8% delas ocorreram na região deltoidea. A celulite ocorreu em apenas 3,5%. Conclusão: a infusão de soluções pode ser considerada uma alternativa segura, a qual apresenta risco de complicações em sua maioria facilmente reversíveis e com baixo potencial de ocasionar danos aos pacientes.

No abstract

RESUMOObjetivo: Analisar as produções científicas acerca da história e do ensino da enfermagem brasileira referentes ao período de 1950-2004. Método: Revisão integrativa, em que a amostra final foi constituída por 18 artigos. Resultados: 22,2% dos estudos trabalham o progresso da educação em enfermagem no Brasil, ressaltando as contribuições das instituições de ensino e suas especificidades regionais em prol da valorização da identidade profissional e as modificações no ensino da graduação. 50% abordam percurso e fatores do ensino para o reconhecimento da profissão e a realização de pesquisas para a qualificação profissional. 27,8% discutem vida associativa na enfermagem, destacando a Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem (ABEn), sua revista e seus eventos científicos. Conclusão: Verificam-se modificações na formação do enfermeiro, tendo em vista a conquista de maior cientificidade no ensino, corroboradas pela ABEn e repercussão dessas modificações na configuração identitária da categoria profissional. Descritores: Enfermagem; História da enfermagem; Educação em enfermagem. ABSTRACTObjective: To analyze the scientific productions about the history and education of Brazilian nursing, referring to the period of 1950-2004. Method: Integrative review, in which the final sample consisted of 18 articles. Results: 22.2% of the studies work on the nursing education progress in Brazil, emphasizing the contributions of educational institutions and their regional specificities in favor of the professional identity valorization and changes in undergraduate education. 50% of researches approach course and teaching factors for the profession recognition and the researches accomplishment for the professional qualification. 27,8% discuss associative life in nursing, highlighting the Brazilian Nursing Association (ABEn), its journal and its scientific events. Conclusion: There are changes in nurses' education, to achieve greater scientific education, supported by the ABEn and repercussion of these changes in the identity configuration of this professional category. Descriptors: Nursing; History of nursing; Education, Nursing. RESUMENObjetivo: Analizar la producción científica sobre la historia y la enseñanza de la enfermería brasileña, para el período 1950-2004. Método: una revisión integradora, en la que la muestra final estuvo compuesta por 18 artículos. Resultados: El 22,2% de los estudios trabajan el progreso de la educación en enfermería en Brasil, resaltando las contribuciones de las instituciones de enseñanza y sus especificidades regionales en favor de la valorización de la identidad profesional y las modificaciones en la enseñanza de la graduación. 50% abordan el recorrido y los factores de enseñanza para el reconocimiento de la profesión y la realización de investigaciones para la cualificación profesional. El 27,8% discute vida asociativa en la enfermería, destacando la Asociación Brasileña de Enfermería (ABEn), su revista y sus eventos científicos. Conclusión: Se verifican modificaciones en la formación del enfermero, ...