The mainstream psychology has mostly focused on the negative factors that threaten human mental health. With the emergence of positive psychology approach, the human strengths have started to be studied and the number of studies on the issue of happiness and well-being has increased. The aim of this research is to reveal the level of prediction for psychological well-being by the variables of gratitude, hope, optimism and life satisfaction. Method: Research sample consisted of 510 students from various faculties and departments of four different universities. The study group consisted of 359 female (70.4%) and 151 male (29.6%) university students. The age range of participants varied between 17 and 30.

ÖzPozitif psikoloji yaklaşımıyla birlikte ruh sağlığı alanında bireylerin pozitif duygularına ve güçlü yanlarına olan vurgu artmaya başlamıştır. Pozitif psikoloji yaklaşımıyla birlikte pozitif duyguların danışanların iyilik hallerine katkı sunma potansiyellerine dikkat çekilmekte ve bu çerçevede yapılan çeşitli çalışmalar, pozitif bir duygu olarak şükran duymanın danışanların ruh sağlığını iyileştirmede kullanılan araçlardan biri haline geldiğini göstermektedir. Bu gözden geçirme çalışmasında, çeşitli alanlarda oldukça eski ancak psikoloji alanında güncel bir konu olan şükran kavramı çeşitli boyutlarıyla ele alınmakta ve bu çerçevede uygulayıcı ve araştırmacılar için bazı öneriler sunulmaktadır. AbstractThere has been an increase in the emphasis on the positive feelings and strengths of individuals in the mental health by the emergence of positive psychology approach. Positive psychology approach points to the potential of positive emotions contributing to clients' well-being, and various studies in this framework show that gratitude as a positive feeling has become one of the tools used to improve clients' mental health. In this review study, the concept of gratitude, which is quite old in various fields but is a current topic in the field of psychology, is handled in various dimensions and some suggestions are given for practitioners and researchers in this framework. MUTLULUK kavramı, ilk çağlardan itibaren ele alınan, filozoflar, din adamları, eği-timciler ve politikacılar gibi farklı gruplar tarafından çeşitli boyutlarıyla tartışılan önemli konulardan biridir. İnsanlık tarihinin her döneminde insanlar iyi yaşamın ne olduğu, buna nasıl ulaşılacağı, iyilik hallerini ve mutluluklarını nasıl arttırabilecekleri üzerinde düşünmüş ve bununla ilgili birçok farklı görüş ortaya atmışlardır. Modern psikoloji tarihinde de bireylerin iyilik hallerinin arttırılması, iyi olmalarına engel olan olumsuz faktörlerin belirlenmesi ve ortadan kaldırılması, nitelikli bir yaşam sürmeleri için içsel potansiyellerini fark etmeleri ve geliştirmeleri gibi konular temel çalışma alanları içeri-sinde yer almıştır. Ancak son yüzyıllık tarihsel sürece bakıldığında yaşanan iki dünya savaşı, ekonomik krizler, gruplar arası çatışmalar ve psikoloji alanının kendini bilim dünyasının bir üyesi olarak kabul ettirme çabaları, ruh sağlığı alanının çalışma konuları-nı ve araştırma yöntemlerini belirlemede önemli rol oynamıştır. Bu bağlamda ikinci dünya savaşı sonrasına kadar büyük çoğunlukla ruh sağlığı bozukluklarının tanımlanma-sı, teşhisi, tedavisi; bireylerin gelişimi için risk faktörlerinin belirlenmesi gibi konular ©2018, Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar eISSN:1309-0674

hopelessness. It is thought that it is important to take these findings into consideration in intervention to traumatic life events and in determining mental health policies.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in various psycho-social effects, including adverse effects on mental health in the general population. Many studies across different countries showed a significant increase in symptoms of fear, depression, anxiety and stress compared to the situation before the COVID-19 outbreak. Thus, it has gained more importance to examine the relationship between fear of the disease and mental health problems. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty in the relationship between fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, and stress. In this study, the sample consisted of 679 individuals. Among 679 respondents, 467 respondents were women (68.8%) and 212 respondents were men (31.2%). Data were collected through an online survey using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis. A significant positive relationship was observed between fear of COVID-19 and intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. All variables were found as differing significantly concerning gender, and the levels of fear were significantly higher in women than in men. Intolerance of uncertainty was found to fully mediate the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and depression, anxiety and stress. The findings obtained from this study were discussed in the light of literature findings and various suggestions were presented to researchers, mental health practitioners and policy makers.

Şükran, alanyazında bireyin gördüğü bir yardım ve iyilik karşısında yardım eden kişiye yönelik minnet duyguları, görülen bir faydaya karşı memnuniyet hissini ifade eden bir duygu ve birbiriyle ilişkili çeşitli alt boyutlardan ve düzeylerden oluşan genel bir kişilik yönelimi gibi farklı şekillerde tanımlanmaktadır. Bu araştırmada son yıllarda bireylerin ruh sağlığını iyileştirmede etkili bir kaynak haline gelen şükran duymaya yönelik bir ölçme aracı geliştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede ilgili alanyazın taramaları ve ön analizlerden sonra oluşturulan ölçek formu üniversite öğrencilerine uygulanmış ve geçerlik-güvenirlik analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda 25 madde ve 6 alt boyuttan oluşan bir yapı elde edilmiş ve ortaya çıkan yapının geçerlik ve güvenirlik değerlerinin iyi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buna göre şükran duyma; Pozitif

The concept of grit has becomea widely investigated topic in mental health and education in recent years. This study aims to develop a tool for measuring grit in high school and university students and to examine the measurement invariance of the developed scale on two different groups. A total of 586 high school students (411 female, 70%; 175 male, 30%) and 639 (437 female, 63%; 202 male, 37%) university students participated in the study. Grit Scale, Short Grit Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Scale were used as data collection tools in the study. The exploratory factor analysis results indicated that 14-item Grit Scale with three sub-dimensions explained 61.88% of the variance. The dimensions in the scale were named Perseverance, Commitment to Goals, and Consistency of Interest. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-dimensional structure of the Grit Scale fit the data well, with measurement invariance between the high school and university student groups. Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficients of the total score and sub-dimensions of the scale were found as .87, .85, .84, and .75, respectively. Convergent validity was evaluated by calculating the zero-order correlation between the Grit Scale and Short Grit Scale and a significantly high positive correlation was found (r= .655, p< .001).

The current study aims to investigate the relationship among problem solving, hope, and self-efficacy and to test a model for determining the role of self-efficacy in the relationship between problem solving and hope. It adopted convenience sampling and consisted of 494 undergraduate students (369 females; 125 males). The Hope Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale and Problem Solving Inventory were applied in order to collect the data. Pearson correlation analysis and two-step Structural Equation Modelling were used for data analysis. Findings revealed that while a high level of positive correlation existed among problem solving, self-efficacy and hope, a moderate positive relationship was found between self-efficacy and hope. As a result of Structural Equation Modelling, self-efficacy was found to be significantly predicted by problem solving whereas hope was observed to be significantly predicted by problem-solving and self-efficacy. In addition, mediation analysis demonstrated that the relationship between problem solving and hope emerged through the development of self-efficacy. As a result, this paper exhibited that individuals with developing problem solving ability had also developing self-efficacy, which in turn leads to an increase in hope. Therefore, it may be effective to take into account the components that will improve individuals' problem solving skills and perceptions about themselves while conducting the studies to raise the hope level, which is an important concept of psychological health.

The use of the positive psychology approach is increasing and this approach emerges as one of the sources that can effectively be used for the field of counseling. One of the main works of the positive psychology approach is the issue of positive emotions, development process of these emotions and benefits of positive emotions. The aim of the study was to test a hypothetical model developed to explain the effect mechanism of positive feelings on individuals' well-being and resilience. The sample consisted of 471 college students from three universities in Turkey. For data collection, Gratitude Scale, Life Orientation Test, Two-Dimensional Self-Esteem Scale, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, Balanced Measure of Psychological Needs Resilience Scale and Risk Factor Determining List were used. It was found that all the variables discussed in the model have significant positive relationships with each other. It was found that the proposed model was confirmed and the fit indices were found as at good level. Accordingly, gratitude as a positive emotion and a general life orientation, was found to contribute to the psychological needs satisfaction through the perceived social support and self esteem and need satisfaction enhances the individual's well-being and resilience levels. The research revealed that main proposals of Positive Activity Model and Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions were validated. This validated model may be implemented with experimental researches. Besides, the proposed model may be tested among different samples.