A sesquidiploid hybrid (PPS, 2n"32) between Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (PP, 2n"20) and N. sylvestris (SS, 2n"24) was backcrossed to N. plumbaginifolia to produce monosomic alien addition lines. A total of 89 2n"21 plants, each containing two sets of N. plumbaginifolia chromosomes and a single N. sylvestris chromosome, were obtained in the BC and BC generations. These plants were classified into 12 groups based on morphological characteristics. The N. sylvestris chromosomes in these plants were identified by RFLP and karyotype analyses. Among the 84 probes tested, 20 could not detect N. sylvestris-specific DNA bands, and the remaining 64 were assigned to 9 normal and 6 aberrant synteny groups. The 9 normal synteny groups corresponded to chromosomes 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12, respectively. Four aberrant synteny groups were the result of chromosome translocations, and 2 were deletions.
Fig.1 The cross sectional TEM image of the 40nm WOX ReRAM cell. The ring of TiNOX produced during RTO of W plug is non-conducting. Fig.3 RESET and SET voltages for WOX devices of various size. The switching voltages are independent of device size, an indication of filament forming/rupturing mechanism [4-5].Fig.4 RESET/SET current and initial resistance for various WOX devices.Switching current for 40nm device decreases drastically, while the initial state resistance increases as device scales. The smaller devices are more power efficient. Fig.2 Operation of the 40nm WOX device. A negative forming pulse is used to obtain the first SET state. Then the cell can be switched in bipolar operation: Positive pulse for RESET, and negative pulse for SET.
Abstract40nm WO X ReRAM has several unique characteristics that are very favorable for MLC application. (1) Although the resistance has strong temperature dependence (as for all ReRAM's) the J-V characteristics can be accurately described, thus all MLC levels are easily modeled. (2) The device is immune to over-erase, thus allow fast MLC programming. (3) The programming is self-converging (as Flash memories) and is independent of history. Thus an algorithm similar to ISPP (Incremental Step Pulse Programming), commonly used by MLC NAND flash, is designed to achieve accurate MLC states. Consequently, fast 50ns switching, 2-bit/cell and 3-bit/cell MLC states with good cycling characteristics and low read disturbance (> 10 10 ) is achieved.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.