Abstract:The Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE), that is extremely efficient soils in retaining great amount of organic matter of the soil, and for long time, they are still little known with relationship to the effects on the physical fractions of those soils in these adapt tropical region. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the space distributions and in depth of the light organic fractions and the stock of carbon and nitrogen in ADE and Yellow Oxisoil (Latossolo Amarelo), under cultivation of orange Pêra Rio (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) in Laranjal Cost, Manacapuru -AM. The physical fractionation of the organic matter was done by densimetric method, where they were extracted the free light fractions and intra-aggregated light fraction in solution of iodeto of sodium. Granulometria analyses, fertility and total organic carbon were accomplished (C) of the soils. The results showed that C, when comparing ADE and LA, was larger in ADE , having also been expressed in the stocks of carbon. The contents of carbon from free light fraction have been major as the contents of carbon from intra-aggregated light fraction on ADE and LA.Keywords: Amazonian Dark Earth; Stock of carbon and nitrogen; physical fractionation of the soil organic matter; global climate change. ResumoAs
Gama, R. T.; de Oliveira, D. M.; Teixeira, W. G.; Falcão, N. P. S. Rev. Virtual Quim., 2017, 9 (5), 1944-1956. Data de publicação na Web: 4 de outubro de 2017 http://rvq.sbq.org.br Residual effect of biochar and saw dust powder on carbon and total nitrogen contents in Yellow Latosol in AmazoniaAbstract: The biochar (BC) acts as a physical, chemical and biological conditioner, which added to increasing doses of saw dust powder (PS) can contribute to soil improvement. The objective of this work was to verify the residual effect of BC and PS on total carbon, organic carbon, total nitrogen and carbon and nitrogen in a dystrophic yellow latosol in the central Amazon. The experiment was carried out at the experimental station of the National Research Institute of the Amazon, Manaus-AM. A randomized block design (4 blocks) was used in factorial tests, In the first plot (0, 40, 80, 120 t ha ). There was significant interaction at the 5% probability level between BC and PS in depth 10-20 cm, with the interaction of doses 80 BC and 40 PS presenting the best mean with 34.67 g kg -1 C. There was no significant effect for BC and PS on CO and soil organic matter (OM) in no depth. The residual effect of BC provided a significant increase at the level of 5% in total nitrogen contents at depths 0-10 and 10-20 cm. There was an increase in the C/N ratio due to the doses of BC in the three depths of the soil studied.Keywords: Soil organic matter; Yellow Latosol; Soil Conditioner. ResumoO biocarvão (BC) atua como condicionador físico, químico e biológico, que somado a doses crescentes de pó de serra (PS) podem contribuir para a melhoria do solo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar o efeito residual do biocarvão e do pó de serra nos teores de carbono total, carbono orgânico, nitrogênio total e a relação carbono e nitrogênio em um Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico na Amazônia Central. O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, em Manaus-AM. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados (4 blocos), em ensaio fatorial, na primeira parcela (0, 40, 80, 120 t ha -1 ) de BC, e na segunda foram aplicadas as doses de (0, 40, 80 e 120 t ha -1 ) de PS, totalizando 16 tratamentos e 4 repetições com 64 unidades experimentais. Foram determinados os teores totais de carbono total (CT) e nitrogênio (NT) pelo método de combustão a seco, carbono orgânico (CO) pelo método walkley & black e relação Carbono e Nitrogênio total (C/N). Houve efeito significativo no nível de 1% de significância nos teores de CT nas duas profundidades (0-10 e 20-30 cm) medida em que as doses BC aumentaram, sendo que houve uma diferença de mais de 80 % entre a dose 0 (17,86 g kg ). Houve interação significativa no nível de 5 % de probabilidade entre o BC e PS na profundidade 10-20 cm, sendo que a interação da dose 80 de BC e 40 PS apresentou a melhor media 34.67 g kg -1. Não houve efeito significativo para BC e PS nos teores de CO e matéria orgânica do solo (M.O) em nenhuma profundidade. O efeito residual do B...
Abstract:The Amazonian Latosols are acidic soils shows low activity in clay minerals. However, it is also found anthropogenic soils known as Amazonian Dark Earth (EAD) that provides a potential to develop a sustainable system in agriculture. The majority of TPI soils show fragments of black carbon stemming from an anthropic activity. The presence of these fragments endows the improvements in the physic and chemical characteristics of the soil. In order to reproduce some characteristics of these anthropogenic soils, it is proposed to apply biochar (BC) in a dystrophic Yellow Oxisol in increasing doses from 0; 40; 80 and 120 t.ha -1. The use of Spectroscopy FT-IR and Raman tools and technics can elucidate on the nature of the pyrolised biomass and likewise interfere on the fertility of the soil. Furthermore, it could clarify how the BC contributes to the increase of cation exchange capacity (CEC), the elucidation of its chemical characteristics and how it can act in the development of a sustainable agriculture model for the humid tropics. It was possible to observe that he FT-IR spectra were similar between the treatments and that the BC exhibits similar crystallinity to the carbons of Amazonian Dark Earth.Keywords: Amazonian Dark Earth (EAD); black carbon; soil fertility. ResumoOs Latossolos amazônicos são solos ácidos e que apresentam baixa atividade dos minerais de argila. Entretanto, são encontrados solos antropogênicos conhecidos como Terra Preta de Índio (TPI) que fornecem um grande potencial para desenvolver um sistema de agricultura sustentável. A maioria dos solos de TPI apresentam fragmentos de carbono pirogênico provenientes de atividades antrópicas. A presença desses fragmentos conferem melhorias nas características físicas e químicas do solo. Visando reproduzir algumas características desses solos antropogênicos propôs-se adicionar biocarvão (BC) em um Latossolo Amarelo distrófico em doses crescentes de 0; 40; 80 e 120 t.ha -1. O uso de ferramentas e técnicas de espectroscopia de FT-IR e Raman podem elucidar sobre a natureza da biomassa pirolisada e como ela pode interferir na fertilidade do solo. Além disso, pode esclarecer como o BC contribui no aumento da capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), na elucidação de suas características químicas e como pode atuar no desenvolvimento de um modelo de agricultura sustentável para os trópicos úmidos. Foi possível observar que os espectros de FT-IR foram semelhante entre os tratamentos e que o BC apresenta cristalinidade semelhante aos dos carbonos de TPI. Palavras-chave:
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