Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes épocas de poda no desenvolvimento, na produção e na qualidade de raízes tuberosas de mandioca. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, em duas localidades do Estado de São Paulo: Botucatu, em área de solo argiloso, e São Manuel, em solo arenoso. Os experimentos foram conduzidos de setembro de 2008 a junho de 2010, e a colheita foi feita após dois ciclos vegetativos (22 meses). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados dez tratamentos, nove épocas de poda espaçadas mensalmente, entre abril e dezembro, e uma testemunha conduzida sem poda. As épocas de poda foram analisadas estatisticamente por contrastes ortogonais, em comparação à testemunha, e por regressão. A poda da mandioca realizada no período de repouso fisiológico não altera o teor de matéria seca e a produtividade de raízes tuberosas. No entanto, quando realizada no final do primeiro ciclo ou após o início do segundo ciclo vegetativo, a poda reduz o teor de matéria seca e a produtividade de raízes.Termos para indexação: Manihot esculenta, práticas culturais, repouso fisiológico, teor de matéria seca. Pruning dates and productivity of cassavaAbstract -The objective of this work was to assess different pruning dates on the development, production and quality of cassava roots. Two experiments were carried out in two regions of the state of São Paulo, Brazil: Botucatu, on clay soil, and São Manuel, on sandy soil. The experiments were carried out from September 2008 to June 2010, and harvest was done after two growing seasons (22 months). The experimental design was a randomized block design, with four replicates. Ten treatments, nine monthly pruning dates, between April and December, and a control cultivated without pruning were evaluated. Pruning dates were statistically analyzed by orthogonal contrasts, in comparison to the control, and by regression. Cassava pruning during the rest period does not alter dry matter content and root yield. However, when performed at the end of the first cycle or after the start of the second cycle, pruning reduces dry matter content and root yield.
The experiment aimed at determining the nutritional value of integral cassava root silages with yogurt as inoculant or wastewater (manipueira) by liquid addition ensiling process. Eighteen crossbred piglets (Large White × Landrace), castrated males with an initial average weight of 50 kg were allocated in metabolism cages throughout 11-day trial duration (6 days for animal's adaptation to the cages and to the experimental diets, and 5 days of urine and faeces collection). The experimental design was a randomized block arrangement with 3 treatments and 6 replicates: basal diet (100%); mixture composed of 75% basal diet and 25% integral cassava root silage with yogurt as inoculant; a mixture composed of 75% of basal diet and 25% integral cassava root silage with wastewater. The silages with wastewater and yogurt presented the following values of apparent digestibility of dry matter 89.96% and 90.01%, apparent digestibility of crude protein of 60.67% and 66.43%, apparent digestibility of gross energy of 90.43% and 91.48%, gross energy metabolizability coefficients of 87.88% and 88.93%, digestible energy values of 3,705 and 3,783 kcal/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis, and metabolizable energy values of 3,600 and 3,676 kcal/kg DM, respectively. The results have demonstrated that integral cassava root silages with wastewater or yogurt have a high nutritional value and can be used as an alternative energy source in growing pig's diets.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of cassava root meal (891 g dry matter [DM]/kg, 639 g starch/kg, 74.1 g neutral detergent fibre [NDF]/kg, and 26.6 g crude protein [CP]/kg) in diets for growing rabbits. In the first experiment, a basal diet (419 g NDF/kg and 181 g CP/kg) and a test diet, in which cassava replaced 25% of the DM of the reference diet, were used. Twenty 50-d-old New Zealand White rabbits weighing 1474±10 g were randomly assigned to the 2 treatments, and digestibility of DM and gross energy (GE) were determined. The inclusion of cassava root meal in the diet increased DM digestibility (67.0±0.80 vs. 58.0±1.12%, P<0.01) and digestible energy (DE) content (11.86±0.16 vs. 10.45±0.22 MJ/kg, P<0.01). Digestible DM and DE contents of the unpeeled cassava root meal, obtained by the substitution method, were 943.3±15.8 g/kg and 15.28±0.32 MJ/kg. In the second experiment, 5 experimental diets were formulated to contain 150 g CP/kg, 184 g acid detergent fibre/kg and 10.9 MJ DE/kg, and increasing levels (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28%) of unpeeled cassava root meal, mainly in substitution of corn. A growth trial was carried out using 90 rabbits from the Botucatu genetic group from weaning (35 d, weighing 951±13 g) up to 71 d of age. The rabbits were housed in pairs, and randomly assigned to the 5 treatments (9 replicates/ treatment). No effect of the substitution of corn with cassava root meal was detected on growth performance (growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, on av. 44.6±0.50 g/d, 132±1.4 g/d and 2.97±0.028 g/g, respectively). The level of inclusion of cassava root meal had a quadratic effect (P=0.005) on the dressing out percentage, showing a minimal value (51.2%) for inclusion of 139 g/kg. No other effect was observed on slaughter and reference carcass weights (2383±19 and 1238±11 g, respectively). Unpeeled cassava root meal may be used to completely replace corn in the diet, supporting high performance in growing rabbits, but its effects on carcass traits should be investigated further.
A toda a minha família, pais, irmãs, avós, tios e primos, que em algum momento até aqui cruzaram em minha vida e deixaram lições, que serviram como inspiração para minha vida.A UNESP/Botucatu da qual me orgulho de ser formado e com enorme carinho me tratou nos cinco anos de graduação e principalmente, recentemente com o meu retorno.A República Cortiço, -UNESP/Botucatu -, em nome de Bira, Osama, Garça, Dengue, Tong-Põ, Bantel Novo, Bantel Véio, Jeremias, Pingüim, Verdão, Frufru, Cozinheiro, Senhorito, Florentim e Preto Dinamite Boom, onde passei grande parte da minha graduação e foi cenário de vários momentos de alegria e diversão. A República Copacabana -ESALQ/USP -, em nome de Txarli, Snuq, Ximbas, Iscol, Virtual, Travado, Ramalhão, Maguilinha, Subako e Vaza, na qual fui tão bem recebido, me surpreendendo o clima de família que encontrei nesta casa.Ao Prof. Carlos Guilherme Silveira Pedreira pela confiança concedida e orientação, com muita paciência e ensinamentos, neste trabalho.Ao Prof. Sila Carneiro da Silva pelos conhecimentos passados e que sempre estava disponível para nos atender e esclarecer nossas dúvidas.Ao Dr. Gustavo José Braga, que prontamente aceitou nosso convite como membro da banca.As pessoas que trabalham no Departamento de Zootecnia, que inúmeras vezes durante este trabalho foram de fundamental importância para o andamento do experimento.Aos meus colegas de experimento na área experimental, Bruno Carneiro Pedreira, Cacília Leonelli e Daniel Colluci, pela paciência e competência dispensada neste experimento. Aos demais colegas de laboratório Fábio Caminha, Adenilson
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