Back pain is one of the most common illness in society and it is able to decrease the sufferer’s mobility also productivity. Aim of this study is to find out the proportion and the characteristic of students who suffer from back pain in Medical Faculty Udayana University, academic year of 2015-2017. This study was conducted with descriptive cross-sectional design. The number of samples was 302 people taken by consecutive sampling method and respondents were measured their waist circumference and asked to fill out the questionnaire. There are two types of questionnaire used to be filled out by the respondents depending on the accessibility of the respondents, they are paper questionnaire and online questionnaire. The data obtained was managed with SPSS 16.0 and presented in table form. The results of this study were the proportion of back pain sufferers among Medical Faculty students as much as 34.8%, which was dominated by lower back pain. There were 8 variables of characteristics of people with back pain, including gender, body mass index, central obesity, physical activity, weight of backpack, history of vertebra injury, working position, and sitting position. This study can be concluded that in the student population of the Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, sufferers of back pain are dominated by women, underweight, central obesity sufferers, daily exercise frequency, excessive backpack load, history of spinal cord injury, incorrect work position, and incorrect sitting position.
Plasmodium falciparum malaria dalah salah satu penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh parasit protozoa Plasmodium falciparum dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas terbesar kasus malaria pada manusia. Upaya pencegahan dan penanganan Plasmodium falciparum malaria saat ini masih mendapat hambatan yaitu adanya resistensi terhadap insektisida dan obat anti-malaria. Untuk itu, perlu adanya metode pencegahan parasit yang bersifat lebih spesifik. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi vaksin antibodi anti-PfRH5 berbasis nanopartikel liposom sebagai modalitas preventif mutakhir pada Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan artikel review ini yaitu dengan penelusuran pusaka. Pencarian menghasilkan 60 jurnal yang ditelaah dan setelah diskrining jumlah jurnal yang digunakan yaitu 48 jurnal yang sesuai dengan topik bahasan. Pada siklus hidup Plasmodium falciparum terjadi fase invasi terhadap eritrosit. Plasmodium falciparum Reticulocyte-binding Protein Homologue 5 (PfRH5) dan basigin (BSG) dari eritrosit adalah pasangan ligan-reseptor esensial dalam invasi eritrosit. Tambahan nanopartikel liposom sangat penting untuk melindungi komponen vaksin antibodi anti-PfRH5 agar tidak mudah mengalami degradasi yang membantu untuk meningkatkan efikasi kerja vaksin dalam menginhibisi proses invasi oleh merozoit. Karena berperan sebagai target yang penting dalam menginhibisi invasi merozoit, potensi PfRH5 sebagai vaksin malaria sangat signifikan dan spesifik. Potensi PfRH5 juga didukung dengan munculnya respon imun alami yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan parasit. Respon imun tersebut melibatkan IgG spesifik terhadap PfRH5 yang dapat memberikan efek protektif dengan menghambat terjadinya ikatan antara PfRH5-BSG sehingga proses invasi tidak terjadi. Vaksin PfRH5 berbasis liposom yang spesifik pada merozoit merupakan modalitas pencegahan potensial dalam perkembangan vaksin Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengetahui efikasi dan induksi antibodi pada tubuh oleh vaksin PfRH5.
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that can affect the quality of life and leads to decreased productivity in patients. Low back pain (LBP) is one of the significant causes of disability worldwide with lifelong incidence. The purpose of this literature review describes the potential of anthocyanin-based Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles as the management of inflammatory pain in the Hernia Nucleus Pulposus (HNP ). The method used is a literature study by entering the keyword. Of the 77 journals reviewed, 47 journals were found by the topic and used as a reference for this work. The anthocyanin-based PMMA nanoparticles act as anti-nociceptors by inhibiting microglia that produce inflammatory mediators in HNP. Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) nanoparticles have specific targets in microglia. Anthocyanins have the effect of inhibiting inflammatory pain through many destinations. Anthocyanin inhibits the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO ) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2) and inhibits the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-kB pathways that express TNF-α and IL-1β genes as anti-nociceptive. The anthocyanin-based PMMA nanoparticles have potential as a novel therapy for inflammatory pain in HNP. There has been no research between these modalities. Therefore, further research is needed to find out the exact potential of anthocyanin-based PMMA nanoparticles.
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are corelated infectious diseases and their worldwide spread became a global health problem. Moreover, HIV patients with TB are able to develop multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensive drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), which make treatments more challenging and affect survival rate. This study aimed to observe survival rate of HIV-positive patients with MDR-TB.
Material and methods:This retrospective, analytical study was conducted in Sanglah Public Hospital from February till April 2018. Data was obtained using total sampling; 98 samples were collected from medical records, including 19 HIV-infected and 77 non-HIV patients, who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria. Analysis was performed with univariate and bivariate survival analysis. Primary outcome was survival.Results: Median age was 40 (range, 12-65) years; in HIV group, it was 38 (range, 23-65) years and 40 (range, 12-63) years in non-HIV group. Gender ratio between male and female was nearly 1 : 1; association between HIV status with outcome was significant, but statistical (p < 0.0001) and cofounding variables were not. Mean of survival in HIV group was significantly shorter than in non-HIV group (2.6 ± 0.5 years vs. 5.1 ± 0.2 years), and 5-year survival rate was 52.1% vs. 81.9%, respectively. Mantel Cox was applied to compare log-rank test, with significant association between HIV status and survival (p = 0.001). Survival rate hazard ratio for MDR-TB in HIV group was 4.17 (range, 1.67-10.4).
Conclusions:Decreasing outcome and survival rate among are considered factors associated with MDR-TB in HIV-positive patients than in non-HIV-infected individuals.
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