The potential effects of the fullerene C60 nanoparticle (C60) as well as virgin olive oil (VOO) against the cyclophosphamide- (CP-) induced cytotoxic and mutagenic effects were evaluated by two main methods: molecular intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) assay and cytogenetic biomarkers. Thirty adult male rats were divided to five groups (control, CP, C60, CP + C60, and CP + VOO). CP was i.p. injected with a single dose of 200 mg/kg; C60 and VOO were given orally (4 mg/kg dissolved in VOO and 1 ml, resp.) in alternative days for 20 days. The ISSR analysis revealed an increased in the DNA fragmentation level for liver and heart tissues represented by 21.2% and 32.6%, respectively, in the CP group. The DNA polymorphism levels were modulated and improved in CP + C60 (8.9% and 12%) and CP + VOO (9.8% and 12.7%) for hepatic and cardiac tissues, respectively. The bone marrow cytogenetic analysis revealed that C60 and VOO had significantly decreased the frequency of CP-induced chromosomal aberrations (chromosomal ring, deletion, dicentric chromosome, fragmentation, and polyploidy). Fullerene C60 and VOO have ability to reduce DNA damage and decrease chromosomal aberrations. In conclusion, fullerene C60 and VOO have protective effects against the CP-induced mutagenicity and genotoxicity. Fullerene C60 and VOO open an interesting field concerning their potential antigenotoxic agents against deleterious side effects of chemotherapeutics.

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Todays, bioactive compounds extracted from Spirulina platensis have been intensively studied for their therapeutical values. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of S. platensis extract on DNA damage and chromosomal aberrations induced by cadmium in rats. Four groups of male albino rats (n = 7 rats) were used. The first group served as a control group and received distilled water. The second group was exposed intraperitoneally to cadmium chloride (CdCl) (3.5 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 2 ml distilled water). The third group included the rats that were orally treated with S. platensis extract (1 g/kg dissolved in 5 ml distilled water, every other day for 30 days). The fourth group included the rats that were intraperitoneally and orally exposed to cadmium chloride and S. platensis, respectively. The experiment in all groups was extended for 60 days. The results of cadmium-mediated toxicity revealed significant genetic effects (DNA fragmentation, deletion or disappearance of some base pairs of DNA, and appearance of few base pairs according to ISSR-PCR analysis). Moreover, chromosomes showed structural aberrations such as reduction of chromosomal number, chromosomal ring, chromatid deletions, chromosomal fragmentations, and dicentric chromosomes. Surprisingly, S. platensis extract plus CdCl-treated group showed less genetic effects compared with CdCl alone. Further, S. platensis extract upon CdCl toxicity was associated with less chromosomal aberration number and nearly normal appearance of DNA fragments as indicated by the bone marrow and ISSR-PCR analysis, respectively. In conclusion, the present novel study showed that co-treatment with S. platensis extract could reduce the genotoxic effects of CdCl in rats.

Chromosomes of 6 bivalve species were studied from mitotic metaphases using cell suspension techniques. Among Family Mytilidae, Modiolus barbatus (Linnaeus 1758) has a diploid chromosome number of 2nϭ32 with 5 metacentric, 2 submetacentric, 5 subtelocentric and 4 telocentric chromosome pairs, Septifer excisus (Wiegmann 1837) has 2nϭ26 with 9 metacentric, 2 submetacentric, and 2 telocentric chromosome pairs and Septifer bilocularis (Linnaeus 1758) also has 2nϭ26 with 8 metacentric, 2 submetacentric and 3 subtelocentric chromosome pairs. Among Family Veneridae, Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus 1758) has 2nϭ38 with 6 metacentric, 5 submetacentric, 3 subtelocentric and 5 telocentric chromosome pairs, Circe scripta (Linnaeus 1758) has 2nϭ38 with 6 metacentric, 6 submetacentric, 4 subtelocentric and 3 telocentric chromosome pairs and Venus verrucosa (Linnaeus 1758) has also 2nϭ38 with 7 metacentric, 4 submetacentric, 4 subtelocentric and 4 telocentric chromosome pairs. These results are reported for the first time in Egypt.

Genetic variability among three species of red sea fishes (Lethrinus borbonicus, Siganus rivulatus and Mulloidichthys flavolineatus) were determined to evaluate the effect of petroleum oil component pollutions on the fishes using Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrlamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) markers. According to ISSR analysis of DNA, nineteen (19) ISSR primers generated a total of 465 bands with an average 24.5 bands per primer. Analyses of SDS-PAGE protein, 137 bands were identified variant bands from 44, 43 and 50 in sample Lethrinus borbonicus, Siganus rivulatus and Mulloidichthys flavolineatus respectively. Analysis of SDS-PAGE protein provided more precise information concerning of the effect of petroleum oil components on protein subunits and genetic variation in Siganus rivulatus species than ISSR-PCR of DNA. Whereas ISSR technique showed more polymorphism or relatively a close to the percentage of SDS-PAGE result among the tow species Lethrinus borbonicus and Mulloidichthys flavolineatus compared to there controls. A remarkable result from this study was identifying that petroleum oil components pollution have distinct effect in genetic structure of fishes and lead to disappear of some protein subunits or appear new some protein subunits in fish muscle tissues.