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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of propolis extract in maintaining the viability of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, and to radiographically analyze tooth replantation and the adjacent periodontium in dogs after storage in this extract. Human PDL cells were incubated with the experimental media propolis, milk, saliva, Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), and Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium (DMEM, positive controls), and distilled water (negative control). Cell viability was determined 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h later by colorimetric MTT assay. Thirty incisors from dogs were divided into two storage time blocks (1 and 3 h) and were maintained in the experimental media. HBSS served as a positive control, and dry teeth (on gauze) as a negative control. The replanted teeth were radiographed once per month for 6 months. The radiographic images were standardized by the shortening/lengthening factor, and were both qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The in vitro results showed that the efficacy of propolis in maintaining functional viability of PDL cells was similar to that of milk. Propolis and milk were significantly better than controls from the 6-h time period. The in vivo results showed that teeth maintained in propolis medium exhibited replacement resorption with significant reduction in tooth length, similar to teeth maintained in saliva and dried teeth. This resorption was less intense with the 3-h storage time than the 1-h storage time. Conditions close to normal were found in teeth maintained in milk, similar to the HBSS control. Therefore, although propolis was effective in maintaining the viability of human PDL cells, resorption of the tooth replantation in dogs occurred under these experimental conditions.

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The mandibular canine is usually considered a single-rooted tooth with a single root canal. However, two canals and more rarely two roots may also occur. This paper reports the case of a patient with bilateral mandibular canines with two roots and two root canals. The initial periapical radiographs of the mandibular right and left canines for endodontic treatment revealed the presence of two roots in each tooth. After coronal opening, the cervical third was prepared with a SX file of the ProTaper system and root canal length was confirmed using Root ZX electronic apex locator. Root canal preparation was completed with the series of ProTaper instruments and the root canal was filled with gutta-percha and an epoxy resin-based endodontic sealer according to Tagger's hybrid technique. The final radiographs showed two well-obturated canals ending at the electronically located apexes. The 6-month posttreatment follow-up showed apparent clinical and radiographic success. Clinicians should always consider the presence of anatomical variations in the teeth during endodontic treatments. Despite the low prevalence, variations may occur in the number of roots and root canals of mandibular canines, as demonstrated in this case report.

Objetives The aim of this study was to investigate through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the cleaning of root canal walls after the use of experimental propolis or calcium hydroxide root canal dressings. Material and Methods Twenty single-rooted teeth were used. After conventional cleaning and shaping procedures and removal of the smear layer with 17% EDTA, the teeth were divided into four groups according to the medication used (N=5): Group I (control) - No drug, Group II - Calcium hydroxide dressing, Group III - Propolis paste A70D and Group IV - Propolis paste D70D. The medications were introduced into the root canals and maintained for 7 days, then removed with a K-file and 5 mL of 1% sodium hypochlorite irrigation. Finally, the canals were flushed with 2 mL of 17% EDTA for 3 min. For SEM analysis, the roots were cleaved and microphotographs from the middle third of the root canal were taken at 750x. The cleaning of the root canal walls was determined by the number of open dentinal tubules as verified with the software Image Tool 3.1. The statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results The results showed no statistically significant difference between the calcium hydroxide and propolis groups. Conclusions The experimental propolis pastes presented acceptable physical characteristics to be used as intracanal medicaments.

This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and exudative activities of propolis solutions and their antimicrobial activity. The solutions were prepared and diluted in alcohol solution (PPE 1 , PPE 2 , PPE 3 , PPF 18 , and PPF 19 ). Ear edema was previously induced in mice by the application of croton oil, and the irritative effect of the solutions was determined through the exudation test of Evans blue in rats. Antimicrobial activity by using a macrodilution method was determined. Eight aerobic bacteria, seven anaerobic bacteria, and two yeasts were tested. The PPE 1 , PPE 2 , and PPF 18 solutions presented excellent anti-inflammatory activities. PPE 1 solution showed the best antimicrobial effect. PPF 18 showed an inhibitory effect for the majority of the aerobic bacteria in the dilution 1:8, inhibiting the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and the yeasts in the dilution 1=16 and of Pseudomones aeruginosa in the dilution 1=32. PPF 19 was effective for inhibiting the growth of the aerobic bacteria and yeasts in the dilution 1=2. Our results suggest the possible application of PPE 1 , PPF 18 , and PPF 19 solutions in endodontics.