This article aims at answering the following questions: (1) What is the influence of age structure on the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? (2) What can be the impact of stringency policy (policy responses to the coronavirus pandemic) on the spread of COVID-19? (3) What might be the quantitative effect of development levelincome and number of hospital beds on the number of deaths due to the COVID-19 epidemic? By employing the methodologies of generalized linear model, generalized moments method, and quantile regression models, this article reveals that the shares of median age, age 65, and age 70 and older population have significant positive impacts on the spread of COVID-19 and that the share of age 70 and older people in the population has a relatively greater influence on the spread of the pandemic. The second output of this research is the significant impact of stringency policy on diminishing COVID-19 total cases. The third finding of this paper reveals that the number of hospital beds appears to be vital in reducing the total number of COVID-19 deaths, while GDP per capita does not affect much the level of deaths of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, this article suggests some governmental health policies to control and decrease the spread of COVID-19.

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Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the attitudes of healthcare workers against seasonal influenza vaccine and the reasons for vaccine avoidance. Materials and Methods: This national survey was conducted from April 1st to June 30th in 2017. The study was carried out among health care workers working in primary, secondary and tertiary care settings. A total of 12 questions were sent to 5046 health care professionals from 55 different cities who agreed to participate in the survey. Results: 7% of the participants stated that they get vaccinated regularly every year. 65.8% of the participants stated that they don't get vaccinated at all. The most important reason for those who did not receive influenza vaccination was their disbelief in the necessity of the vaccination (51.9%). The most common reason for the seasonal influenza vaccination was the prevention of influenza infection (56.7%). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that HCWs influenza vaccination rates are very low. Doctors have been found to have slightly better rates than other HCWs. The high level of education and the increase in professional experience had a positive effect on the vaccination rate. It is important to know the HCWs attitudes and behaviors towards the vaccination to increase the rates.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the pass-through (PT) effect in Turkey by using quarterly data for the period 1998: Q1-2019: Q2 to understand the dynamic potential effects of exchange rates on domestic prices. Design/methodology/approach The paper launches several nonlinear models in which the basic determinants of domestic prices in Turkey are determined through Markov regime-switching models (MSMs). Hence, this research follows the variables of the consumer price index (CPI), USD exchange rate, gross domestic product (GDP; demand side of the economy), industrial production index (production side of the economy), economic uncertainty and geopolitical risk index for Turkey. Findings This work explores that the exchange rate and demand side of the economy (GDP) follow a positive nonlinear relationship with CPI at both regimes. The production side of the economy (IP) affects negatively the CPI during regime 0. Economic uncertainty influences the CPI positively at Regime 1, while geopolitical risk has a negative association with CPI at Regime 0. Eventually, the paper provides some policy proposals associated with the impacts of GDP, IP, economic uncertainty and geopolitical risk on CPI in Turkey. Originality/value One may claim that any PT model, which does not observe the possible structural or regime shifts in estimated parameters, might fail to estimate the coefficients unbiasedly and efficiently. Hence, this work differs from available relevant works in the literature since this paper considers linearity or nonlinearity important and reveals that the relevant PT model follows a nonlinear path rather than a linear path, this nonlinear path is converged strongly by MSMs and estimates the significant regime shifts in the constant term and, in parameters of independent variables of PT by MSMs.

ÖZSon yıllarda yapılan araştırmalar orta gelirli ülkelerin aynı gelir grubunda uzun yıllar kalarak bir üst gelir grubuna çıkamadığını göstermiştir. Orta gelirli ülkelerin karşı karşıya kaldığı bu sorun orta gelir tuzağı kavramını gündeme getirmiştir. Bu ülkelerin tuzağa yakalanmamak ya da tuzaktan çıkmak için hangi faktörlere odaklanması gerektiği düşüncesinden hareketle literatürde pek çok yaklaşım geliştirilmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmanın amacı; orta gelir tuzağını açıklayan teorik ve ampirik yaklaşımların detaylı bir şekilde ortaya konulmasına katkıda bulunmaktır. Orta gelir tuzağı olgusu arz yönlü, talep yönlü, ekonomik gelişme evreleri, eşitsizlik, politik iktisat, büyümede yavaşlama ve diğer yaklaşımlar olmak üzere yedi başlıkta toplanmıştır. Söz konusu yaklaşımlardan yola çıkarak orta gelir tuzağı olgusunun yapısal bir sorundan kaynaklandığı ve bu sorunun aşılmasında bütüncül bir yaklaşımla hareket edilmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır. ABSTRACTStudies published in recent years indicated that middle-income countries stay for many years at the same income group, cannot ascend to upper income group. This problem that middle-income countries faced with has brought the middle-income trap concept up to the agenda. Many approaches have been developed in the literature in the light of which factors these countries should focus to avoid or exit from the trap. Therefore, aim of the this study is to contribute to explaining theoretical and empirical approaches explaining the middle income trap in detail. The phenomenon of middle income trap have been gathered to seven groups, demand side, economic development cycles, inequality, political economy, growth slowdown and other approaches. Based upon the aforementioned approaches, it is concluded that the phenomenon of middle income trap is generated from a structural issue and that a comprehensive approach should be taken to overcome this problem.

Orta gelir tuzağı kavramı son yıllarda iktisat literatüründe en çok tartışılan konulardan birisi haline gelmiştir. Orta gelir tuzağı, orta gelirli ülkelerin kişi başına düşen gelirlerinin artmayarak uzun yıllar aynı kalması olarak tanımlanır. Buradan hareketle bu çalışmanın amacı, orta gelirli ülkelerden hangilerinin tuzakta olup olmadıklarının tespit edilmesine katkıda bulunmaktır. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek için Robertson ve Ye'nin (2013) yaklaşımı takip edilerek ADF birim kök testi ve Narayan ve Popp (2010) tarafından geliştirilen iki yapısal kırılmalı birim kök testi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları, 1950-2014 dönemi için kişi başına düşen gelir verileri kullanılan 71 orta gelirli ülkeden 35'i orta gelir tuzağında iken 36 ülke tuzakta olmadığını göstermiştir. Türkiye orta gelir tuzağında olmayan ülkeler grubunda yer almıştır.