The Age Structure, Stringency Policy, Income, and Spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019: Evidence From 209 Countries

Abstract

This article aims at answering the following questions: (1) What is the influence of age structure on the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? (2) What can be the impact of stringency policy (policy responses to the coronavirus pandemic) on the spread of COVID-19? (3) What might be the quantitative effect of development levelincome and number of hospital beds on the number of deaths due to the COVID-19 epidemic? By employing the methodologies of generalized linear model, generalized moments method, and quantile regression models, this article reveals that the shares of median age, age 65, and age 70 and older population have significant positive impacts on the spread of COVID-19 and that the share of age 70 and older people in the population has a relatively greater influence on the spread of the pandemic. The second output of this research is the significant impact of stringency policy on diminishing COVID-19 total cases. The third finding of this paper reveals that the number of hospital beds appears to be vital in reducing the total number of COVID-19 deaths, while GDP per capita does not affect much the level of deaths of the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, this article suggests some governmental health policies to control and decrease the spread of COVID-19.

Culture and COVID-19-related mortality: a cross-sectional study of 50 countries

“…Upper plot includes interaction term (PDI_IDV) between power distance and individualism introduction of containment measures by only one week would have resulted in a 74% reduction of the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases [48]. Somewhat surprisingly, the average level of the stringency index was positively correlated with mortality; this is at odds with most of the literature [33,49,50]. Our results could be due to reverse causality (for example, if mortality drives the Stringency Index and not the opposite way) that would lead to a biased parameter estimate.…”

A Mathematical Model for the Growth Dynamics of Demand in the Fashion Industry within the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…In general, the results revealed that there was a significant decline in air pollution as a result of lockdown; this finding has the potential of providing a critical environmental implication for researchers and academicians [29]. [30] considered the stringency index (government measures/policies in response to the COVID-19 outbreak) for each cross section in the panel data. e index indicators included school closures, workplace closures, and travel bans.…”

“…A reduction of the rate of infection also corresponds to an approximately 6.7% reduction in the net demand for fashion products. Possible explanations will reveal the laxity in policy stringency on precautionary and safety interventions due to the downward trend of the transmission rate of infection [30,43], which immediately reduces the application of FPPES in the face of tight bans on social activities or events, which requires certain fashionable products (Figure 8). As experienced in the era of the acuteness or seriousness of the pandemic, government lockdown policies and individual restrictive movement interventions due to fear of being infected limited the desire to patronize general fashion products, which are occasioned for social activities.…”

“…Both the policy stringency and policy relaxation parameters should be effectively applied to maximize the effectiveness of government policies across various dimensions. is will reduce the transmission effect of infection [30,43], which increases as a result of increased interaction between the infected and susceptible population.…”

Effects of COVID-19 on Multilingual Communication

“…The perception of COVID-19, the reaction of society to the introduced anti-COVID-19 measures, the need for protective measures (the requirement to observe social distancing, wear masks, wash hands, etc.) largely determines the behavior of people and, as a result, the effectiveness of the fight against the pandemic (Bilgili et al, 2021).…”