Background: Leadership behaviors have often been seen as a vital element that influences the level of commitment and innovative work behaviors of employees within the organization to achieve the organizational objectives. Aim of the study: Assess leadership behaviors and innovative work behaviors among nurses. Subject and Method: Research design: A descriptive design was utilized in this study. Setting: This study was conducted at Belbeis general hospital affiliated to ministry of health. Subjects: A convenient sample of 100 staff nurses was used in this study. Tools of data collection: two tools were used: Multifactor leadership behaviors questionnaire and innovative work behaviors questionnaire. Results: Indicated that 75% of staff nurses had a positive perception of the transformational leadership behavior. As well, 37 % of staff nurses had a high level of innovative work behaviors, while, 35% of them had a low level of innovative work behaviors. Conclusion: There was statistically significant and positive correlation between innovative work behaviors and all multifactor leadership behaviors. Recommendations: The nurse manager should respond positively to nurses' innovative efforts by supporting them with the time and resources to carry out, and plan to increase the participation of staff nurses in decision-making process to promote perception about leadership behaviors.

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Background: Imbalance between protein synthesis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) capacity to modify and fold proteins lead to the accumulation of unfolded proteins resulting in ER stress and apoptosis. Chaperones are major defense molecules assisting in protein folding, transport, and cellular signaling. ER stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications, e.g., diabetic cataract. In the present investigation, the chemical chaperones 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are used as potential therapeutic agents for alleviation of DM-induced ER stress and diabetic cataract in rats. Animals are subjected to biochemical analysis of blood and lenses for ER stress and apoptosis markers. Moreover, ophthalmologic examination and histopathologic examination of the lenses were done to confirm the results. Results: Both ophthalmic and lens histopathologic examination revealed that treatment with 4-PBA and TUDCA retarded the occurrence of cataract markedly. Whereas, treatment with TMAO caused a partial improvement of cataract. Moreover, biochemical tests showed that both 4-PBA and TUDCA produced a remarkable improvement in the ER marker levels (VEGF and caspase-12), GSH, MDA, TAC levels in lens tissues. On the other hand, TMAO had no significant effect on these parameters. However, Western blot analysis of lens homogenates showed a suppressed expression of GRP78 and CHOP after treatment with 4-PBA, TUDCA, and TMAO. Moreover, all treated groups showed a significant improvement of lens soluble proteins and their UV spectra absorption. A significant improvement in fasting blood sugar, GSH, serum MDA, and TAC were noted in all treated groups. 4-PBA produced a significant decrease in insulin resistance, whereas TUDCA and TMAO showed insignificant change. Conclusion: The present research found that the tested chaperones could be used as a therapeutic approach for clinically relevant disorders featuring ER dysfunction such as DM and for reducing its complications in the eye mainly cataract. However, TUDCA and 4-PBA were found to have a more potential efficacy in reducing most of the tested parameters as compared to TMAO.

Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic that is extensively used. The chronic exposure to tramadol induces oxidative stress and toxicity especially for patients consuming it several times a day. Previously, we and others reported that tramadol induces testicular damage in rats. This study was conducted to investigate the possible protective effect of pomegranate seed extract (PgSE) against tramadol-induced testicular damage in adult and adolescent rats. Male rats were orally treated with tramadol or in a combination with PgSE for three weeks. Testes were then dissected and analyzed. Histological and ultrastructural examinations indicated that tramadol induced many structural changes in the testes of adult and adolescent rats including hemorrhage of blood vessels, intercellular spaces, interstitial vacuoles, exfoliation of germ cells in lumen, cell apoptosis, chromatin degeneration of elongated spermatids, and malformation of sperm axonemes. Interestingly, these abnormalities were not observed in tramadol/PgSE cotreated rats. The morphometric analysis revealed that tramadol disrupted collagen metabolism by elevating testicular levels of collagen fibers but that was protected in tramadol/PgSE cotreatment at both ages. In addition, DNA ploidy revealed that S phase of the cell cycle was diminished when adult and adolescent rats were treated with tramadol. However, the S phase had a normal cell population in the cotreated adult rats, but adolescent rats had a lower population than controls. Furthermore, the phytochemistry of PgSE revealed a high content of total polyphenols and total flavonoids within this extract; besides, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity was high. In conclusion, this study indicated that PgSE has a prophylactic effect against tramadol-induced testicular damage in both adult and adolescent ages, although the tramadol toxicity was higher in adolescent age to be completely protected. This prophylactic effect might be due to the high antioxidant compounds within the pomegranate seeds.

Background: Academic procrastination in university student is closely related to lower levels of self-control, self-efficacy, emotional intelligence and academic performance with increase in anxiety level. Aim of the study: was to assess the relationshipbetween Academic Procrastination, and self-control of Nursing Students at Faculty of Nursing -Zagazig University. Subjects and Methods: Research design: A descriptive design was utilized in this study. Setting: This study was conducted at Faculty of Nursing -Zagazig University. Subjects: Stratified random sample of 351 nursing students were randomly selected from the academic year 2020-2021. Tools of data collection: two tools were used: Academic procrastination scale and Self-control scale. Results: only (22.8%) of nursing students had a high level of Academic Procrastination as well, only (11.4%) of nursing students had a high level of Self-control. Conclusion: There is significant and inverse correlation between Academic Procrastination score and Self -control score. Recommendations: it is recommended that the nursing faculty members conduct a conference for newly admitted students to guide them about how to avoid academic procrastination and improve Self-control levels. Additionally, the faculty management should provide a good infrastructure and institution facilities to the student and nurse educators to ensure a high level of Self-control.