Hole transporting materials (HTMs) play a crucial role in achieving highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Spirotyped materials being the most widely used HTMs are commonly utilized with dopants, such as Li-TFSI, to improve their carrier mobility significantly. However, dopants could affect the morphology of hole transporting layer negatively by forming defects and pinholes which restrict the performance of devices. Here, we adopt the extended πconjugated structures N-ethylcarbazole and dibenzothiophene to substitute the donor group 4-methoxyphenyl of spiro-OMeTAD, devising two novel HTMs, SC and ST, respectively. Notably, SC possesses low crystallinity and good solubility due to the existence of ethyl in side groups, leading to decent miscibility with Li-TFSI to prevent unfavorable phase-separation. The SC-based device delivers the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.76% which is higher than that of spiro-OMeTAD (20.73%), attributed to the formation of smooth and pinhole-free morphology. Moreover, it exhibits long-term stability and retains over 90% of initial PCE value for more than 30 days without encapsulation in ambient air. In contrast, the STbased device suffers from dense pinholes induced by its relatively high crystallinity and poor solubility, resulting in a low PCE of 18.18% and inferior stability. Thus, it is effective to modify the side groups in spiro-typed HTMs with specific structures to obtain predictable properties, fabricating PSCs with high efficiency and stability facilely.

The demands of sustainable energy sources and depletion of conventional energy sources have accelerated the quest for attaining nontoxic and low‐cost organic solar cells (OSCs). The intrinsic characteristics of organic semiconductor materials such as light weight, mechanical stability, tailorable bandgaps, and ease of solution processability on a large area with flexible devices provide new dimensions to the device engineers toward sustainable electronic technologies. The past two decades have witnessed an inspiring breakthrough of device efficiency by developing multijunction architectures. The significance of organic tandem solar cells (OTSCs) does not only elevate the efficiencies but also considerably reduces the absorption losses. Herein, the recent developments in OTSCs, starting from designing rules for OTSCs, followed by implementation of the interconnecting layer (ICL) structure, and issues regarding processing, light management, and engaging photoactive materials for constructing OTSCs, are comprehensively described. Finally, the conclusion and outlook for OTSCs are provided.

The rocketed development concerning electro-optic polymers fundamentally motivated by its pragmatic application in envisioning second-order nonlinear optics and waveguiding are cardinal. Modern synthetic strategies consigned an outstanding optical quality amorphous polymers with enhanced properties. Documented data revealed a huge progress in understanding their implementation, however challenges still exist regarding their temporal stabilities etc. This review delivers a brief investigation of nonlinear optical (NLO) polymer materials demonstrated over previous decades. Besides, their categorical explanation along with their structural architecting via engineering polymeric backbone or functionalization of the molecular entities have been reviewed. Correspondingly, their temporal and thermal stabilities accompanied by NLO characteristics features are also discussed.

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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an enzootic infectious, seldom fatal and eruptive disease in Pakistan reported in 2022. It can result in variably high mortality and morbidity rates in animals characterized by nodules on their skin. LSD caused by Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), together with goatpox virus and sheeppox virus, belongs to genus Capripoxvirus and Poxviridae family. The disease affects a wide variety of domestic and wild animals, including buffaloes and cows. The main symptoms are high fever, nodular lesions on the skin, and mucous membranes of the respiratory and digestive tracts. The outbreak of lumpy skin disease caused severe economic losses among Pakistan's animal keepers by reducing milk, beef production, causing sterility in males and abortions in females. Crossbreed and female cattle had significantly higher disease prevalence than their male counterparts. The introduction of new animals into farms was discovered to be one of the most significant risk factors in disease transmission. The aim of current review was to provide the information about LSDV because no study has conducted in Pakistan as it is new disease reported in 2022. The current review of literature will be useful to field veterinarians, herders, and animal health decision makers in Pakistan, as well as in taking appropriate measures to prevent future outbreaks of this disease. Keywords: Domestic animals; Cattle; Lumpy skin disease; Poxviridae; Pakistan

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