Recent progress in electro-optic polymer for ultra-fast communication

Abstract

The rocketed development concerning electro-optic polymers fundamentally motivated by its pragmatic application in envisioning second-order nonlinear optics and waveguiding are cardinal. Modern synthetic strategies consigned an outstanding optical quality amorphous polymers with enhanced properties. Documented data revealed a huge progress in understanding their implementation, however challenges still exist regarding their temporal stabilities etc. This review delivers a brief investigation of nonlinear optical (NLO) polymer materials demonstrated over previous decades. Besides, their categorical explanation along with their structural architecting via engineering polymeric backbone or functionalization of the molecular entities have been reviewed. Correspondingly, their temporal and thermal stabilities accompanied by NLO characteristics features are also discussed.

Poled polymers and their nonlinear optics

“…20 The development of several previous synthetic methods has been mature, and the literature has summarized and analyzed them. 17,21 This article will focus on dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers.…”

Organic Electro-Optics and Optical Rectification: From Mesoscale to Nanoscale Hybrid Devices and Chip-Scale Integration of Electronics and Photonics

“…Long-term stability of devices is a critical issue. ,,,,,− 215 Electrically poled OEO materials represent a unique challenge in that the poling-induced acentric organization of chromophores is not, in general, thermodynamically stable . Indeed, with increased temperature and time, poling-induced order will be lost.…”

“…Indeed, with increased temperature and time, poling-induced order will be lost. This has been extensively studied and reviewed in many publications. ,,,,,,− 215 It has been well established that the rate of relaxation can be related to the separation of the measurement temperature (T) from the material glass transition temperature (T g ), i.e., to T – T g . The dilemma that arises is that one would like to process (i.e., pole) materials at modest temperatures and yet have a final material with the highest possible T g .…”

“…Of course, the greatest application space for electro-optics likely involves computing (including data centers–datacom) and telecommunications. − In addition to current fiber and wireless telecommunications, electro-optics is important for supercomputing, quantum computing/quantum communication, and neuromorphic computing. For example, electro-optics can be used to extract information from cryogenic supercomputers to transition information to room temperature photonic transmission.…”

Interlayer Slope Waveguide Coupler for Multilayer Chalcogenide Photonics

“…The exponential growth in data communications and computing requires scalable, high-yield, and cost-effective integrated photonic systems. In recent years, large-scale and high-density multilayer photonic integrated circuits (PICs) with higher integration have developed rapidly, due to their new functionality and high energy efficiency [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Silicon (Si) photonics could be a suitable integration platform due to its unique complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility, but challenges in stacking up single crystal silicon layers impede the development of stacked multilayer silicon photonics [8].…”