Morphological and histological study were performed in the cecum of ten, six months broiler chicken. The present study was observed that the morphological study distinguished three region from cecum .The proximal ,middle ,and distal represented (23.65%),(42.28%),(34.06%) respectively of the total length of right caecum ,and (23.59%),(43.45%),(23.95%) respectively of the total length of left caecum.The total length of the right caecum were(13.15±0.21)while the total length of left caecum were(13.14±0.44),also was observed that caecal wall composed of four layers(mucosa , submucosa , muscularis and serosa) .The regions of caecum were proximal with developed villi and numerous folds, middle with small villi and numerous folds,while the distal with small villi and avoid of folds .In present study the lymphatic nodules were mostly found in proximal part, but they were less prominent at the distal and least in the middle part of the caecum .the wide and length of lymphatic nodules were more major in the distal part than in the middle and proximal part. .

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The buck, buck-boost and boost converter, are the most popular types of DC-DC converters. The input/output characteristics of these converters operating in Continuous Current Mode (CCM) is the object of considerations in this paper. The input impedance of converter helps the designer to select a suitable energy source for the converter. The internal impedance of selected input energy source must be quite lower than the input impedance of converter in order to avoid any voltage drop. The output impedance of DC-DC converters must be quite small in order to supply the load with high current demand. So, extraction of input/output characteristics of DC-DC converters is an important task and helps the designer to decide about the performance of system. Extraction of input/output characteristics is using pencil-and-paper analysis is quite tedious and error prone. This paper show how input/output impedance of DC-DC converters can extracted with the aid of MATLAB ® programming. This paper can be used as a tutorial on the extraction of input/output impedance of DC-DC converters.Index Terms-DC-DC converter, input impedance of DC-DC converters, output characteristics, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).