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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Ca(OH)2 with or without a silver nanoparticle suspension to eliminate Enterococcus faecalis from root canals. A total of 66 extracted human single-rooted teeth contaminated with E. faecalis were treated with 10% Ca(OH)2 alone, Ca(OH)2 with nanosilver or sterile water (as a negative control). Samples were obtained with paper points and Gates-Glidden burs at 1 and 7 days after root canal preparation and the number of colony-forming units (CFU) was determined. The number of CFUs observed after dressing with Ca(OH)2  + nanosilver was significantly less than the number observed with Ca(OH)2 alone after 1 or 7 days (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). No differences in antimicrobial properties were observed between the two time points in the Ca(OH)2  + nanosilver group (P > 0.05). Higher antimicrobial efficacy was observed in the Ca(OH)2 group after 7 days than 1 day (P < 0.001). This study highlighted the potential advantage of using a mixture of Ca(OH)2 and nanosilver for intracanal medicament.

Intraosseous injection using the X-Tip system was more effective than PDL injection as a supplementary anaesthetic for pulpectomy in mandibular molars or second premolars. However, the former resulted in a transient increase in heart rate.

The existence of the divergence deficit at far distance indicates the presence of deficit of divergence per se, independently from convergence and accommodation relaxation. This result is novel and corroborated by physiological studies indicating distinct control of convergence and divergence, both at the cortical and subcortical premotor level. We conclude that vergence deficits are frequently present in dyslexics, and that dyslexics should be re-educated; training should address distinctively convergence and divergence subsystems.