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Thirty bacterial strains with various abilities to utilize glyphosate as the sole phosphorus source were isolated from farm soils using the glyphosate enrichment cultivation technique. Among them, a strain showing a remarkable glyphosate-degrading activity was identified by biochemical features and 16S rRNA sequence analysis as Ochrobactrum sp. (GDOS). Herbicide (3 mM) degradation was induced by phosphate starvation, and was completed within 60 h. Aminomethylphosphonic acid was detected in the exhausted medium, suggesting glyphosate oxidoreductase as the enzyme responsible for herbicide breakdown. As it grew even in the presence of glyphosate concentrations as high as 200 mM, Ochrobactrum sp. could be used for bioremediation purposes and treatment of heavily contaminated soils.

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The perspective of this research was to investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic activity and anti-glycation of the SNPs synthesized by aqueous flower extract of pink Rosa damascena plant and compare with the biological effect of plant extract. The antioxidant activity of plant extract, and SNPs, their inhibitory effect on albumin glycosylation and also the cytotoxic effect on the human fibroblast cells were assessed by DPPH, spectrophotometric assay and MTT test, respectively. The antibacterial activity of SNPs against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae was examined by the disk diffusion method. The percentage of free radicals inhibited by the extract was increased compared to the SNPs. The flower extract and the SNPs both showed anti-glycation effects under in vitro conditions, but SNPs showed the efficient inhibitory effect of on glycation of BSA in the order; 1000 extract < 500 SNP < 250 SNP < 1000 SNP. The toxicity effects of the extract and SNPs were also found to depend on their concentration and time of incubation, still, SNPs showed 8% higher toxicity than the extract. Although SNPs showed antibacterial activity, their effect on S. aureus was significant. It is concluded that the SNPs exhibited multifunctional properties for many medicinal applications.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. 1 The incidence of breast cancer in Iran is about 20 new cases per 100 000 women-years. 2 This cancer often leads to complete removal of breast tissue, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonotherapy. 3 Several internal and external factors contribute to the development of this cancer. Internal factors such as age, hormonal effects, lifestyle, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, gender, anxiety and stress, genetic predisposition (mutation in BRCA1, 2 and other genes) and family history of breast cancer. 4,5 Exogenous factors include infection with oncogenic viruses such as mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), human papilloma virus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Oncogenic viruses are contributing to 20% of human cancers. 6 EBV is a human gamma-1 herpes virus which has a double-stranded DNA genome comprised of approximately 170-kilobases that codes more of 85 genes, belonging to the c herpes virus family. 7,8 EBV is mostly transmitted from the host to another host via saliva and infects over 90% of the world population and remains in the body for life. 9 Breast epithelial cells can be infected with EBV by cell to cell contact. 10 This virus is accepted as a major contributor to 20% Burkitt lymphoma, 50% Hodgkin′s lymphoma, 10% stomach carcinomas and almost all endemic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 11

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