Antibiotic susceptibility testing of 70 pediatric Helicobacter pylori isolates was performed by using screening agar and disk diffusion methods. Resistance to metronidazole and tinidazole was 72 to 79% and 71 to 81% by modified disk diffusion and 77% and 78% by screening agar, respectively. Susceptibilities to amoxicillin, ampicillin, clarithromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin were 58, 69, 75, 68, 68, and 65%, respectively.Resistance to antibiotics among Helicobacter pylori isolates is prevalent worldwide. The rate of metronidazole resistance is on the rise, and it varies according to the population studied. Resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline has also been observed, and there are reports of high rates of resistance to clarithromycin (1-2, 4, 8-11, 16). Most antibiotic resistance studies have been done on H. pylori isolates from adults; fewer data are available for children, particularly those in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the susceptibility of pediatric H. pylori isolates to commonly used antibiotics, by using the modified disk diffusion method (MDDM) and the screening agar method (SAM).During 1997 to 2000, biopsies from 250 children (median age, 9.4 years; range, 3 to 15 years) experiencing recurrent abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting were used for bacterial culturing. Biopsies were placed within a modified Campy-Thio medium, composed of thioglycolate base medium (Difco), 10% sheep blood (SB), 8 mg of polymyxin B per liter, 2 mg of amphotericin B per liter, and 6 mg of vancomycin (Fluka) per liter and incubated at 37°C under a microaerophilic atmosphere. After 2 to 3 days, 20 l was used to streak Campy blood agar plates containing brucella agar base (Difco), 10% SB, and antibiotics. Isolates were conserved in skim milk-15% glycerol-10% fetal calf serum at Ϫ80°C, after identification by gram staining and biochemical analysis For antimicrobial susceptibility assays, a suspension was adjusted to a turbidity approximating that of a McFarland no. 3 standard, spread on SB-Mueller-Hinton agar (SBMHA) plates containing 8 mg of metronidazole or tinidazole per liter, and incubated for 3 days (5, 13). Isolates were considered susceptible or resistant if similar results were obtained from three experiments. If similar results were observed in two experiments out of three, the isolates were considered susceptible or resistant but were designated as mixed populations. For the MDDM, disks containing 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 g of metronidazole and tinidazole (prepared from pure powders; Sigma), clarithromycin (15 g; Becton Dickinson), amoxicillin (25 g), ampicillin (10 g), erythromycin (15 g), tetracycline (30 g), and ciprofloxacin (5 g) from Padtan Tab and BioMerieux were used. Bacterial suspensions were spread on SBMHA plates, disks were added, and the diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured after 3 days. Criteria for nitroimidazole susceptibility were inhibitory zones of Ն15 to 16 mm or Ն26 mm (3, 9, 12). Quality control was ensured by using organisms from ...
Due to the rise in antibiotic resistance, new sources of anti-H. pylori drugs are needed. The use of medicinal plants and/or their chemical components may have potential benefit in eradicating such problems.
The essential oil of the dried aerial parts of Thymus caramanicus at full flowering stage was prepared by hydrodistillation with a yield of 2.5% oil. The oil analysis by a combination of capillary GC and GC-MS revealed 26 components of which carvacrol (68.9%) was the main component, followed by p-cymene (6.0%), thymol (5.3%), γ-terpinene (4.6%) and borneol (4.0%) representing 98.9% of the total oil. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil was determined against ten clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori using disc diffusion, as well as measurement of minimum inhibitory concentrations. The results showed high inhibitory activity against all test bacteria by the disc diffusion method (zones of inhibition of 50.0-65.0 mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration values were within the range 14.5-58.0 μg/mL for the clinical isolates.
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