Objectives: Obesity is a globally pervasive health concern linked to a plethora of cardiometabolic complications such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. Poor dietary proclivity contributes to dyslipidemia, however daily intake of nuts has previously been shown to improve abnormal blood lipid levels. The present study evaluated the effect of almond intake on the lipid profiles of normal, overweight and obese adults to discern which group benefits the most. Study Design: A prospective non-randomized comparative study design was employed. Setting: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Lahore and Department of Biochemistry, Central Park Medical College, Lahore. Period: May 2018 and December 2018. Material & Methods: A total of 34 adult subjects (males and females) were recruited for the study with an age range from 21 to 60 years. Participants were categorized into normal, overweight and obese groups based on their Body Mass Index (BMI) values. Baseline fasting blood samples were drawn from each subject and stored. The subjects were then asked to consume 50g/day almonds (without peel) for 30 days after which blood samples were again collected from each subject. Both baseline and post-supplementation serum samples were subjected to lipid profile analysis. Result: Almond supplementation resulted in lowered cholesterol, LDL and VLDL levels (p-values of 0.0001, 0.001 and 0.003, respectively) in Group 1 (normal weight). Lowered cholesterol levels were also observed (p-value 0.007) in Group 2 (overweight). There was no significant change in lipid profile in Group 3 (overweight), upon supplementation. Conclusion: Regular almond supplementation offers improvement in lipid profile and such beneficial effects of almond consumption on lipid profile are more pronounced in normal weight individuals than overweight or obese ones.
Objective: Loss of libido, low serum testosterone levels, and other symptoms of hypogonadism like subfertility, gynecomastia, and immature testes, is a prevalent medical condition amongst males with advanced chronic liver disease. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the low serum testosterone levels association with hypogonadism in people with chronic liver disease. Study Duration: This study was carried out at Outpatient Department (OPD) of Medicine Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad from 1st January 2022 to 30th June 2022. Material and Methods: The retrospective study was completed on two hundred confirmed patients of hypogonadism with liver cirrhosis. In the repository, the available data was divided into two groups. The first group of chronic liver disease patients was diagnosed due to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and second patient group due to alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The patient in NAFLD group were in the age group between 15-30 years whereas the patients from ALD group were 30-60 years of age. The diagnostic values of total testosterone and Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were collected from patient’s record. The independent t test was used for statistical analysis by using SPSS version 22. The frequency distribution of testosterone was also calculated between two types of chronic liver disease patients. Results: The retrospective research was performed. The data were dispersed across two age groups. The youth had no alcohol-related data, while the elderly had. According to hospital data, distribution was based on age between 15 and 30 years (NAFLD) and between 30 and 60 years (ALD). When T-test was applied it showed that there was no statistically significant difference found in means of SHBG between two age groups amongst chronic liver disease patients. In the case of serum testosterone, there was a statistically significant (p 0.05) difference between age groups (Table 1). Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the frequency distribution of total testosterone and its comparison within the liver cirrhosis group, respectively. Practical Implication: Our study predicted that low testosterone can raise the risk of mortality, the necessity for liver transplantation, and the likelihood of severe infection in men with cirrhosis given the mechanisms of action of testosterone. Conclusion: On the basis of two groups of liver cirrhosis, there is a significant age-related change in total serum testosterone, its control by the pituitary and it’s binding to SHBG in males over the age of forty. However, no substantial data was discovered in sex hormone binding globulin. Low testosterone levels are associated with hypogonadism in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The effect of testosterone replacement treatment on increasing muscle quality in male cirrhotic patients remains to be determined. Safety and effectiveness of the treatment requires additional prospective research. Keywords: Sex Hormone Binding Globulin, Serum Testosterone, Hypogonadism, Chronic Liver Disease
Background: The aetiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is unknown, even though it is the most frequent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Previous community-based studies were unable to directly estimate the prevalence of PCOS in these communities since they did not conduct comprehensive biochemical and clinical screening. Objective: This research focused on polycystic ovaries and associated clinical and biochemical features in young women. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Study Setting: This study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry Central Park Medical College, Lahore from 1st August 2022 1st February 2023. Methodology: During the study period, volunteers were recruited from hospitals and requested their consent. While women were informed specifically that ovaries scan (ultrasound) would be used to detect polycystic ovaries. After the confirmation of polycystic ovaries, they were taken 201 as a case group. To compare the data, we also recruited 233 healthy participants as a control group. After taking consent and filling the questionnaire both cases and controls participants were requested for biochemical and hormonal analysis. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. Results: The mean age of control 25.83 ± 4.6 years and 27.12 ± 5.52 years of with significantly increased BMI in the women with PCO as compared to controls (p = 0.001). Insulin and resistance are significantly increased in those women suffering from PCO. LH, oestradiol are significantly increased and FSH is significantly decreased in cases as compared to control. The level of testosterone is not significant in this cohort. SHBG and also free testosterone index are also not significantly different. Practical implication: Even though many women in rural areas experience signs of a disease, they are hesitant to see a gynecologist or endocrinologist for treatment due to a lack of disease awareness, management, and medical therapy that conforms to criteria. Most patients don't get treatment because of this hesitation, which can cause a host of problems down the road. This study was done to better understand the clinical and biochemical characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome in young women. Conclusion: Most women with infertility in Pakistan's leading medical centers have polycystic ovaries. Women with polycystic ovaries may not always experience the symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome. However, 26 percent of women in this research had PCOS. Women with polycystic ovaries often have hyperinsulinemia and high levels of insulin resistance. While LH and FSH are both considerably higher in cases than in controls, they are unrelated. The results of this investigation showed that although testosterone levels did not influence PCO, a negative correlation between insulin levels and SHBG hormone was seen in individuals with elevated insulin. Hence, the management of insulin can reduce the risk of PCO. Keywords: PCO, PCOS, LH, FSH, oestradiole, hyperinsulinemia, HOMA-IR
Objective: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of serum creatine kinase muscle brain fraction and lactate dehydrogenase for detection of perinatal asphyxia in term neonates using clinical findings as Gold standard Design of the Study: Cross sectional study Study Settings: The study was conducted at Pediatric Department, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore from June 2021 to December 2021. Material and Methods: Demographic information (name, age (in hours), gender, birth weight, and gestational age) was gathered. Under aseptic conditions, blood was taken with a 3cc BD syringe. For CK-MB and LDH testing, samples were sent to the pathology laboratory at the hospital. Two millilitres of clotted blood were tested using reagent kits and auto analyzers. Patients were classified as either positive or negative (according to the operational definition) based on the results of the evaluations of their reports. Results of the Study: In our study, age distribution shows that 63.33%(n=152) were upto 6 hours and 36.67%(n=88) had >6 hours, mean+sd was calculated as 5.60+1.79 hours, 39.17%(n=94) were male and 60.83%(n=146) were females. The diagnostic accuracy of Serum Creatine kinase muscle brain fraction for detection of perinatal asphyxia in term neonates using clinical findings as gold standard was recorded as 93.59% sensitivity, 66.67% specificity, 99.10% positive predictive value, 21.05% negative predictive value and 92.92% accuracy rate. Conclusion: For detecting prenatal asphyxia in term infants, the diagnostic accuracy of serum creatine kinase muscle brain fraction and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is useful, however LDH is more accurate than serum creatine kinase muscle brain fraction Keywords: Perinatal asphyxia, detection, diagnostic accuracy
Background: Betel nut is considered one of the leading causes of oral cell carcinoma. After caffeine, alcohol and tobacco, the betel nut mastication is the fourth most used drug in the world. Aim: To evaluate the fluctuating levels of oxidative stress markers in patients of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) using betel nuts. Study design: Case control study Place and duration of study: University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, Lahore from 21st January 2021 to 10th July 2021. Methodology: One hundred participants recruited and divide into two groups. First group consisted of confirmed cases of oral SCC on histopathological evidence and fifty age and sex matched normal healthy subjects were taken as a control in group B. Oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), Isoprostanes, 8- hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) were measured in both groups by using ELISA and TBRAS methods. Results: Significant difference in oxidative stress markers in oral cell carcinoma patients and control group. The p value differed significantly for MDA, Isoprostanes, 8-OHdG and 4-HNE in serum (p= 0.021, 0.033, 0.001, and 0.000 respectively) as well as in saliva samples (p= 0.011, 0.021, 0.011 and 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: The oxidative stress markers like MDA, Isoprostanes, 8-OHdG and 4- HNE are significantly elevated in patients of oral squamous cell carcinoma as compared to the normal healthy individuals. Key words: Betel nuts, Oxidative stress marker, Oral cells carcinoma, MDA, 8-OHdG, Isoprostanes, 4-HNE
In the past few years, medical plants research focused on a lot by scientists all over the world. Many evidence has been studied to show the potential effects of medicinal plants in the medical field. This is due to the presence of many metabolites in plants that includes flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and many hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic agents. This study aims to evaluate various medicinal plants for anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic activity in rats. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common non communicable diseases present globally and it’s most lethal complication which developed is dyslipidemia which ultimately leads to cardiovascular events which are hard to control and it’s not possible to revert back its effects. Since ancient times plants have been the source of medicine. Many kinds of literature mentioned the use of plants in the treatment of various diseases. This review covers the anti-diabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of medicinal plants. Investigation of phytochemicals present in medicinal plants and their biological activities are reported. The hypolipidemic activity which is present in most medicinal plants is strongly associated with new drug development which will be used for high lipid profiles and cardiovascular disease.
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