Background: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness the metacognition treatment (MCT) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on anxiety, depression, and stress in the females with breast cancer. Methods: The planning of this study is through a quasi-experimental method of pretest and posttest type with control group. The target society of the research included every cancer patient who admitted to Tehran hospitals for breast cancer. Through assigned randomly, 12 patients were selected for the MCT group and 12 patients for the MBCT group, and the other were assigned control group. The data collection tools included depression, anxiety and stress scale - 21 items (DASS-21) questionnaire. For statistical analysis, descriptive tests and repeated measures analysis of variance were performed. Results: Data analysis with repeated multivariate measurements illustrated that there is a significant difference in the rate of depression, anxiety and stress, in three groups. Conclusion: According to our results, MBCT was more effective compared to metacognitive therapy.

Objectives:The current study aimed at investigating the effect of neurofeedback (NF) therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on reduction of anxiety symptoms in females with social anxiety disorders. Methods: The current pseudo-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and a control group was conducted on a population of patients with social anxiety disorder referring to a psychology clinic in Kurdistan Province, Iran. The sample size comprised of 30 females selected by random sampling method and assigned to groups of NF and CBT. Data elicited from the Libowitz social anxiety questionnaire to detect the subjects with social anxiety and the Millon clinical multiaxial inventory (MCMI III) in order to exclude subjects with personality disorder. Data were analyzed with SPSS. Covariance analysis test and dependent t test were performed on CBT and NF groups. Results: The current study findings showed that both CBT and NF groups were impressive in reducing the level of social anxiety in the study subjects. Also, based on the results of the current study the therapy methods had no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusions: Both treatments were significantly effective, and therefore both NF and CBT can be applied as choice therapies to treat social anxiety.

Current research has shown that neurofeedback (NF) is a viable treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), however having pharmacological approach alongside such stimulants is still inevitable. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the comparison of neurofeedback with Ritalin and without Ritalin in treating children with ADHD. This study was causal-comparative in design. Participants were children aged 5-10 years with ADHD; seven participants were in neurofeedback group with Ritalin and seven in neurofeedback without Ritalin group according to random split and parent's conformation. Clinical Q, Conner's continuous performance test (CPT), and WISC-R were used before and after treatment. For analyzing data, we used descriptive statistical and Mann Whitney U tests. Results showed that even if the two groups were modified in all components, modifications of commission and reaction time of the CPT and F4 theta/alpha of the clinical Q were more accurate in NF with Ritalin treatment rather than the other group. These findings suggest that neurofeedback is efficient in improving some of the behavioral concomitants of ADHD in children whose parents favored non-pharmacological treatment, but Ritalin and neurofeedback combination is more efficient. So, multimodal approach is strongly recommended for ADHD treatment.

Background: Social anxiety is a clinical pattern of self-protection social behaviors that coincides with severe anxiety regarding negative reactions such as critique, being ridiculed, miss-communication, or miss-behaviors against others. Objectives: This research investigated the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on the reduction of anxiety symptoms in females with social anxiety disorder. Methods: The planning of this study was through a semi-experimental method of pretest and posttest type with two groups. The research population included the students of Sanandaj Payam-e-Noor University suffering from social anxiety disorder. The sample size was 40 women chosen by random sampling method and assigned to two groups of mindfulness-based stress reduction and cognitive behavioral therapy. The subjects participated were the students of Payam-e-Noor University of Kurdistan in the academic year 2013 -2014. Data were collected by Liebowitz social anxiety scale (LSAS) and Minnesota multi-phasic personality inventory (MMPI). Data were analyzed by the analysis of covariance and dependent t-test. Results:The results showed that both cognitive behavioral therapy (P < 0.001, t = 2.40) and mindfulness-based stress reduction were impressive in reducing the stress, while mindfulness-based stress reduction (P < 0.001, t = 4.82) was more effective than cognitivebehavioral therapy. Conclusions: In order to improve and decrease the anxiety in these patients, it will be essential to consider these variables during designing appropriate interventions.

Background: According to the observations, antisocial behaviors are among major behaviors among male and female students. People with antisocial behaviors suffer from problems with respect to the quality of life. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the relationship between parenting styles, self-compassion, and emotional intelligence with antisocial behaviors in students. Methods:The population included all students in Shiraz, Iran in the academic year of 2016. The sample was comprised of 148 students (74 male and 74 female) who were selected randomly through multi-stage sampling method. The instruments used in the study were parenting style questionnaire, self-compassionate scale (SCS), trait meta mood scale (TMMS), and Levenson antisocial behavior scale. Extracted data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression statistics in SPSS version 21. Results: Authoritarian parenting style (t = 2.08, B = 0.17, P =0.03), permissive parenting style (t = 2.16, B = 0.16, P= 0.01), selfcompassion (t = -4.08, B = -0.31, P= 0.00), and emotional intelligence (t = -2.93, B = -0.28, P = 0.01) are predictors of antisocial behaviors. According to multiple regression analysis, authoritarian parenting style, permissive parenting style, self-compassion, and emotional intelligence were significant predictors of antisocial behavior. Moreover, authoritative parenting style was not included in the analysis. Conclusions: Authoritarian parenting style, permissive parenting style, self-compassion, and emotional intelligence should be highly regarded as they highly predict antisocial behavior.

Background: According to the observations, obsessive-compulsive traits are the most important among behavior among the high school male and female students. Individuals with obsessive-compulsive traits have less quality of life. Objectives: The present study aimed at determining the relationship between behavioral inhibition, strategies for cognitive regulation of emotions and young adult family of life events and changes with obsessive-compulsive traits in male and female high school students. Methods: The population of the study included all high school students in Shiraz in 2016 academic year. One hundred sixty-seven students (73 males and 94 females) who were selected through random multistage sampling method participated in this study. The instruments were obsessive-compulsive inventory-revised, adults scale of behavioral inhibition, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, and young adult family inventory of life events and changes. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential (Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis) statistics via SPSS software. Results: According to the multiple regression analysis, behavioral inhibition, catastrophizing, and rumination were best predictors of obsessive-compulsive traits. Conclusions: Since behavioral inhibition, catastrophizing, and rumination might result in obsessive-compulsive traits, sufficient attention should be paid to these factors.

Background: Self-esteem is a stable sense of personal worthiness. There is insufficient evidence from the available research to fully determine the relationship between self-esteem and early trauma. Objectives: This is a correlational study aims to investigate the relationship between early traumas as a predictor of negative selfesteem by controlling the effect of maladaptive schemas in 11-13 year-old-student sample. Methods: 292 people (201 females, 91 males) with mean age of 12.33 were selected via multistage random sampling. Participants completed questionnaire on children's depression inventory (CDI), childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ), schema inventory for children (SIC) and provided demographic information. Analyzing data was done using correlation and stepwise regression methods. Results:The results showed that emotional neglect and physical abuse are the best predictors of negative self-esteem. Additionally, the results revealed no evidence of maladaptive schemas mediating the relationship between early trauma and negative self-esteem. Conclusions: In general, the findings showed that emotional neglect and physical abuse are the best predictors of negative selfesteem in children and explain a considerable variance of survival index. Our findings also demonstrate that maladaptive schemas do not have any significant effect on the relationship between trauma and negative self-esteem.

Objective:The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on selfefficacy and anxiety among epileptic patients. Methods:The present study with a pretest-posttest control-group design was performed on epileptic patients in public healthcare centers of Kuhdasht, Iran. Through randomized sampling, 15 patients were selected for the experimental group and 15 epileptic patients for the control group. The experimental group received MBCT once a week during 8 sessions, while the control group was engaged in usual activities. The data collection tools included the general self-efficacy scale (GSES) and Zung self-rating anxiety scale (SAS). For statistical analysis, descriptive tests and repeated measures analysis of variance were performed.Results: Data analysis showed significant differences in self-efficacy and anxiety scores between the experimental and control groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions:According to the results, MBCT can increase self-efficacy and decrease anxiety in epileptic patients.