Background Functional constipation is often a consequence of habitual bowel elimination while sitting on common toilet seats. A considerable proportion of the population with normal bowel movement frequency has difficulty emptying their bowels. The principal cause of this problem may be the obstructive nature of the rectoanal angle and its relationship to the posture normally used in defecation.Objective To assess the relationship between functional constipation with the posture (sitting vs squatting) during defecation in children. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in November questionnaires and were interviewed. Functional constipation was assessed based on the Rome III criteria. ResultsSixty-five students enrolled in the study. There was no There was a significant correlation between functional constipa-(4/45) during defecation. Conclusion We found that posture in defecation is correlated to functional constipation in children. [Paediatr Indones. 2013;53:104-7.].
One of common heavy metals that pollute rivers in Indonesia is copper, which can damage various organs, including the lungs. As a potential natural herbal medicine, white turmeric rhizome has antioxidant properties that potentially protect the body from copper pollution. This study aimed to explore the potential of the white turmeric rhizome (Curcuma zedoaria) to provide a protective effect on the lungs against copper contamination. This study was an experimental study performed in June 2020 on 25 copper-induced Wistar rats which were divided into five groups: negative group that received 1 ml of copper sulfate suspension at the 12th to 14th day; positive group that received 10 mg/200 g BW of ethanol extract from white turmeric without copper sulfate suspension; and three experimental groups that received 10 mg/200 gBW, 20 mg/200 gBW, and 40 mg/200 gBW of ethanol extract from white turmeric every day, respectively, followed by copper sulfate suspension at the 12th–14th day. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed by chloroform inhalation and the lung was excised and processed for histopathology preparation. The edema, hemorrhage, leukocyte infiltration, and alveolar septal thickness were evaluated from the lung tissue perparation. The score of tissue damage was express as median (Range) and analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The result of this study shows that there was a significant difference in lung tissue score among all groups of treatment (p-Value=0.001). The experimental group with highest dosage extract presented a good protection effect as well as the positive group. Hence, white turmeric has a good protective property for the lung against damages caused by copper contamination.
Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah memformulasi mikroenkapsulasi atenolol dengan penyalut HPMC menggunakan metode emulsifikasi penguapan pelarut. Dalan metode ini, HPMC dilarutkan dalam pelarut campuran methanol-diklorometana. Sedangkan atenolol dilarutkan ke dalam larutan HPMC. Dalam gelas lain dimasukkan paraffin cair. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rasio atenolol dan HPMC adalah 1:0,5; 1:1; dan 1:1,5 berturut-turut untuk masing-masing Formula (Formula I, II, III dan IV). Mikroenkapsulasi yang dihasilkan dievaluasi berdasarkan distribusi ukuran partikel dan senyawa aktif yang dilepaskan. Mikrokapsul memiliki distribusi ukuran partikel antara 212-2000 µm. Spektrofotmeter UV dalam metanol yang digunakan untuk mengukur konsentrasi senyawa aktif diperoleh 56,963 ± 17,589; 60,41 ± 1,0045; 60 dan 173 ± 1,0160 % untuk masing-masing Formula (Formula I, II, dan III). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa mikrokapsul dengan perbandingan atenolol dan HPMC 1:1,5 memiliki pelepasan zat aktif yang lebih baik. Kinetika atenolol yang dilepaskan dari mikrokapsul mengikuti persamaan Higuchi.
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