The rise of the intelligent, local charging facilitation and environmentally friendly aspects of electric vehicles (EVs) has grabbed the attention of many end-users. However, there are still numerous challenges faced by researchers trying to put EVs into competition with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The major challenge in EVs is quick recharging and the selection of an optimal charging station. In this paper, we present the most recent research on EV charging management systems and their role in smart cities. EV charging can be done either in parking mode or on-the-move mode. This review work is novel due to many factors, such as that it focuses on discussing centralized and distributed charging management techniques supported by a communication framework for the selection of an appropriate charging station (CS). Similarly, the selection of CS is evaluated on the basis of battery charging as well as battery swapping services. This review also covered plug-in charging technologies including residential, public and ultra-fast charging technologies and also discusses the major components and architecture of EVs involved in charging. In a comprehensive and detailed manner, the applications and challenges in different charging modes, CS selection, and future work have been discussed. This is the first attempt of its kind, we did not find a survey on the charging hierarchy of EVs, their architecture, or their applications in smart cities.
This paper is concerned with modelling cyclist road safety by considering various factors including infrastructure, spatial, personal and environmental variables affecting cycling safety. Age is one of the personal attributes, reported to be a significant critical variable affecting safety. However, very few works in the literature deal with such a problem or undertaking modelling of this variable. In this work, we propose a hybrid approach by combining statistical and supervised deep learning with neural network classifier, and gradient descent backpropagation error function for road safety investigation. The study area of Tyne and Wear County in the north-east of England is used as a case study. An accurate dynamic road safety model is constructed, and an understanding of the key parameters affecting the cyclist safety is developed. It is hoped that this research will help in reducing the cyclist crash and contribute towards sustainable integrated cycling transportation system, by making use of cut above methodologies such as deep learning neural network.
This paper is concerned with the development of intelligent safety modelling for cycling safety at the nanoscopic level. The present models are primarily focused on the motorists modelling at an aggregate level. In this work a framework for safety analysis is proposed consisting of a) Data collection unit, b) Data storage unit, and c) Knowledge processing unit. The predictive safety model is developed in the knowledge processing unit using supervised deep learning with neural network classifier, and gradient descent backpropagation error function. This framework is applied to a case study in Tyne and Wear county in England's northeast by using the crash database. An accurate safety model (88% accuracy) is developed with the output of the riskiest age and gender group, based upon the specific input variables. The most critical variables affecting the safety of an individual belonging to a particular age and gender groups, are the journey purpose, traffic flow regime and variable environmental conditions it is subjected to. It is hoped that the proposed framework can help in better understanding of cycling safety, aid the transportation professional for the design and planning of intelligent road infrastructure network for the cyclists.
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