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Underwater wireless sensor networks are a newly emerging wireless technology in which small size sensors with limited energy and limited memory and bandwidth are deployed in deep sea water and various monitoring operations like tactical surveillance, environmental monitoring, and data collection are performed through these tiny sensors. Underwater wireless sensor networks are used for the exploration of underwater resources, oceanographic data collection, flood or disaster prevention, tactical surveillance systems, and unmanned underwater vehicles. Sensor nodes consist of a small memory, a central processing unit, and an antenna. Underwater networks are much different from terrestrial sensor networks as radio waves cannot be used in underwater wireless sensor networks. Acoustic channels are used for communication in deep sea water. Acoustic signals have many limitations, such as limited bandwidth, higher end-to-end delay, network path loss, higher propagation delay, and dynamic topology. Usually, these limitations result in higher energy consumption with a smaller number of packets delivered. The main aim nowadays is to operate sensor nodes having a smaller battery for a longer time in the network. This survey has discussed the state-of-the-art localization based and localization-free routing protocols. Routing associated issues in the area of underwater wireless sensor networks have also been discussed.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are emerged technology where vehicles and roadside units (RSUs) communicate with each other. VANETs can be categorized as a subbranch of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). VANETs help to improve traffic efficiency and safety and provide infotainment facility as well. The dissemination of messages must be relayed through nodes in VANETs. However, it is possible that a node may propagate false information in a network due to its malicious behaviour or selfishness. False information in VANETs can change drivers' behaviour and create disastrous consequences in the network. Therefore, sometimes false safety messages may endanger human life. To avoid any lass, it is more important to detect and avoid false messages. This paper has explained some important algorithms that can detect false messages in VANETs. The categorization of false message detection schemes based on local and cooperative behaviour has been presented in this article. The limitations and consequences of existing schemes as well as future work has been discussed. Keywords: VANETs, MANETs, Misbehaviour, False message detection, Security ReviewThis article analyses Single/local and Cooperative based malicious information detection techniques in VANETs. Single/local based detection schemes are further comprised of plausibility, consistency and single node behavior. However, these techniques performances are not upto the mark, because of single node reliance. The cooperative based detection techniques are more efficient than Single/local based detection schemes. The prerequisites for these scheme need more nodes, unlike Single/local based detection schemes. These techniques are classified based on consistency and behavior with neighbors. Trust-based detection techniques are analysed on previous communication history. However, these scheme needs a honest and sufficient number of nodes for reliable result.

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Wireless body area network (WBAN) is one of the specialized branches of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which draws attention from various fields of science, such as medicine, engineering, physics, biology, and computer science. It has emerged as an important research area contributing to sports, social welfare, and medical treatment. One of the most important technologies of WBANs is routing technology. For efficient routing in WBANs, multiple network operations, such as network stability, throughput, energy efficiency, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio, must be considered. In this paper, a robust and efficient Energy Harvested-aware Routing protocol with Clustering approach in Body area networks (EH-RCB) is proposed. It is designed with the intent to stabilize the operation of WBANs by choosing the best forwarder node, which is based on optimal calculated Cost Function (C.F). The C.F considers the link SNR, required transmission power, the distance between nodes, and total available energy, i.e., harvested energy and residual energy. Comprehensive simulation has been conducted, supported by NS-2 and C++ simulations tools to compare EH-RCB with existing protocols named DSCB, EERP, RE-ATTEMPT, and EECBSR. The results indicate a significant improvement in the EH-RCB in terms of the end-to-end delay network stability, packet delivery ratio, and network throughput. INDEX TERMS Clustering, end-to-end delay, harvesting, network stability, packet delivery ratio, throughput, WBANs.

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) are type of Intermittently Connected Networks (ICNs) featured by long delay, intermittent connectivity, asymmetric data rates and high error rates. DTNs have been primarily developed for InterPlanetary Networks (IPNs), however, have shown promising potential in challenged networks i.e. DakNet, ZebraNet, KioskNet and WiderNet. Due to unique nature of intermittent connectivity and long delay, DTNs face challenges in routing, key management, privacy, fragmentation and misbehaving nodes. Here, misbehaving nodes i.e. malicious and selfish nodes launch various attacks including flood, packet drop and fake packets attack, inevitably overuse scarce resources (e.g., buffer and bandwidth) in DTNs. The focus of this survey is on a review of misbehaving node attacks, and detection algorithms. We firstly classify various of attacks depending on the type of misbehaving nodes. Then, detection algorithms for these misbehaving nodes are categorized depending on preventive and detective based features. The panoramic view on misbehaving nodes and detection algorithms are further analyzed, evaluated mathematically through a number of performance metrics. Future directions guiding this topic are also presented.

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