Electric Vehicle Charging Modes, Technologies and Applications of Smart Charging

Abstract

The rise of the intelligent, local charging facilitation and environmentally friendly aspects of electric vehicles (EVs) has grabbed the attention of many end-users. However, there are still numerous challenges faced by researchers trying to put EVs into competition with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). The major challenge in EVs is quick recharging and the selection of an optimal charging station. In this paper, we present the most recent research on EV charging management systems and their role in smart cities. EV charging can be done either in parking mode or on-the-move mode. This review work is novel due to many factors, such as that it focuses on discussing centralized and distributed charging management techniques supported by a communication framework for the selection of an appropriate charging station (CS). Similarly, the selection of CS is evaluated on the basis of battery charging as well as battery swapping services. This review also covered plug-in charging technologies including residential, public and ultra-fast charging technologies and also discusses the major components and architecture of EVs involved in charging. In a comprehensive and detailed manner, the applications and challenges in different charging modes, CS selection, and future work have been discussed. This is the first attempt of its kind, we did not find a survey on the charging hierarchy of EVs, their architecture, or their applications in smart cities.

Integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) with Electrical Grid and Impact on Smart Charging

“…From an industry perspective, there is a palpable sense of interest and optimism surrounding smart charging technologies. The literature shows a consensus on standardization and interoperability among various stakeholders to ensure seamless and efficient integration into the current energy systems [Ahmad et al, 2022;Helferich et al, 2023). Lastly, the role of innovation and ongoing research and development (R&D) cannot be overstated (Stam & Wennberg, 2009).…”

Optimization Schedule Schemes for Charging Electric Vehicles: Overview, Challenges, and Solutions

“…Charging an EV battery in Mode 1 can take several hours or even require an overnight. However, one advantage of this gradual charging process is that it generates less heat and imposes less stress on the EV battery [22].…”

A Novel Hybrid Control Strategy and Dynamic Performance Enhancement of a 3.3 kW GaN–HEMT-Based iL2C Resonant Full-Bridge DC–DC Power Converter Methodology for Electric Vehicle Charging Systems

“…These methods are operated by adding the transformer current via injecting zero-voltage on the primary or secondary side, and this can also be obtained by changing the phase shifting method. Some papers suggested [18,19] that different control strategies can be used at different regions such as f s < f r , f s = f r and f s > f r but this affects the regulation. Rather than using the zero-voltage sequence method and other techniques mentioned to extend the soft switching region [20], this paper proposes a hybrid control strategy called the VFPSM technique for iL 2 C FB converter.…”

“…Meanwhile, there are certain limitations, such as its complicated design, which require proper tuning of control parameters [25,26]. To date, numerous control strategies have been defined to provide soft switching, tight regulation, and reduce the circulating current [18,19]. These methods are operated by adding the transformer current via injecting zero-voltage on the primary or secondary side, and this can also be obtained by changing the phase shifting method.…”