Indonesia is pushing the implementation of renewable energy to meet its climate action target. Solar energy is abundant, and its utilization is prioritized, including rooftop solar power plant (RSPP). This research presents a techno-economic analysis of an RSPP installed in a mosque in Ngombol subdistrict, Purworejo district, Central Java, Indonesia. This article also introduces and explains the regulation of RSPP and electricity tariffs in Indonesia, which define the economics of RSPP. This study employs an operational and financial model to analyze RSPP in five scenarios. The RSPP design objective is to reduce the annual energy usage of the mosque and yield the highest Net Present Value (NPV). According to the result, RSPP at all configurations based on the type and number of panels yield negative NPVs at the current electricity tariff, costs of components, and regulations implemented concerning RSPP. Proposed policy adjustment modeled through different scenarios provide benefit to some extent, limited by other policies. Hence, a combination of different policy adjustments may be required to achieve the most optimal condition for RSPP implementation on the mosque rooftop. This study could help policymakers to understand the possible directions of policy design for faster PV implementation.
PV system is an eco-friendly option to meet the need for energy due to its lower carbon footprint when compared to the fossil-fueled power plants. In this research, we performed techno-economic and regulatory impact analysis on a rooftop PV system on a mosque in Purworejo, Indonesia under a net metering mechanism. The use of PV system on the mosque rooftop can reduce its entire carbon emission from its annual energy usage, which equals to 4 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. However, the economic feasibility of the PV systems, measured by the NPV of the electricity bill saving, shows negative values for all PV system configuration, defined by the type and number of panels. This low financial attractiveness is resulted from several unsupportive regulations: the subsidized electricity tariff, the minimum grid electricity usage limit and the less rewarding net metering scheme. The abolishment of minimum usage limit incurs the greatest increase of NPV to the PV system that is designed to entirely supply the load demand. While the implementation of higher electricity tariff incurs the highest increase of NPV for the PV systems with partial supply scenario. This study shows that at the current electricity tariff, costs of components, and the implemented regulations around the adoption of PV system, it is financially unfeasible to install a PV system on the mosque rooftop.
Background: The government is optimistic that Indonesia is able to be energy independent because Indonesia has a variety of energy sources that can be utilized for the benefit of the nation and state, both fossil and non-fossil energy sources, including solar energy through solar power system. The solar power system or photovoltaic system is an eco-friendly option usually applied to meet the need for energy due to its lower carbon footprint when compared to fossil-fueled power plants. This research was, therefore, used to conduct a techno-economic and regulatory impact analysis on a rooftop photovoltaic system installed in a mosque in Purworejo, Indonesia under a net metering mechanism. Result: The installation was aimed at reducing entire carbon emission from the annual energy usage which is an equivalent of 4 tons of carbon dioxide. The research shows that the economic feasibility of the photovoltaic systems, measured by the Net Present Value (NPV) of the electricity bill saving are negative values for all the configurations based on the type and number of panels. This low financial attractiveness was observed to be due to several unsupportive regulations such as subsidized electricity tariff, minimum grid electricity usage limit, and less-rewarding net metering scheme. The research also suggests that the abolishment of the minimum usage limit was discovered to have incurred the greatest increase of NPV to the photovoltaic system designed to entirely supply the load demand while the implementation of a higher electricity tariff caused the highest increase of NPV for the photovoltaic systems with partial supply scenario. Conclusion: Finally, it is financially unfeasible to install a photovoltaic system on the mosque rooftop at the current electricity tariff, costs of components, and regulations implemented concerning the adoption of the system. As a constraint, the power regulation in Indonesia should be reviewed significantly to support any buildings of worship to develop their opportunities for managing energy systems independently. The potential implication is that they would be able to contribute their social economic role in supporting their really crucial community daily life energy. This approach is in line with the government policy and strengthening the sustainable development goals.
The international community recognizes the role of culture in sustainable development, which is included in the 2030 Agenda and formulated in the SDGs goals since 2015. Cultural awareness in rural communities in Indonesia is well developed, as evidenced by their daily experiences, but not necessarily towards “renewable energy culture”. A culture-aware society is characterized by a cooperative attitude and openness to cultural and technological developments. This study aimed to determine the “effectiveness of working in partnership” of the An-Nur Mosque community in Berbah village on Java island through the use of photovoltaic (PV) technology on the roofs of mosque buildings. The two theoretical frameworks guiding this research are culture-aware theory, which emphasizes the ability to collaborate, and renewable energy theory, to be implemented in PV technology. The main research objective is mapping and quantifying effective partnership models in mosque communities that have installed PV technologies. We first determined the amount of PV energy produced in the community and then linked it to the degree of cultural awareness using a descriptive qualitative method with a deductive approach in the context of partnership collaboration. The cooperative attitude of the community was assessed based on providing 1) resources; 2) knowledge and expertise; 3) time and economy; 4) communication; and 5) problem-solving skills. The study results indicate that the PV installation's success depends on the partnerships between mosque communities and an external technical advisor as measured by the degree of available community resources and the level of assistance and communication during the PV installation.
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