This study is concerned with the location of primary public schools. The public system should have the capacity to satisfy all the demand, although students may choose between public and private schools if they can afford the corresponding costs. A number of factors, such as questionable education quality, limited capacity, poor location and social preferences, secure a participation of about 30% to the private school system. The purpose of this study is both the evaluation of the existing public school network and a relocation proposal. The result of the former was the identification of areas with shortage and excess in school offer. The latter suggests school relocation using capacitated and uncapacitated models. ArcView, a software of the geographic information system (GIS) family, was employed, allowing the efficient handling of large problems and improving the presentation and evaluation of the findings. This methodology was applied to the primary public school network in the area of Vitoria, a state capital located in the southeast region of Brazil with about 300,000 inhabitants. Finally, the practical use of this study and its importance for planning purposes are discussed.
ResumoEste artigo relata uma proposta metodológica para localização de escolas públicas em áreas urbanas. A metodologia é subdividida em duas partes que se complementam: a avaliação da atual localização e uma proposta de relocalização. Além da revisão metodológica, o artigo faz uma síntese de cinco estudos feitos em cidades ou regiões brasileiras, quais sejam: Nova Iguaçu, Nilópolis, Niterói, Ilha do Governador e Fortaleza. O estudo destaca a evolução metodológica, desde o uso dos mapas até o emprego de softwares da família SIG (Sistemas de Informação Geográficos), como o ArcView e o GeoRedes. O estudo destaca ainda a importância gerencial de cada um dos cinco estudos.Palavras-chave: localização de escolas; modelo das p-medianas. AbstractThis paper reports a methodology for locating public elementary schools in urban settings. The proposed methodology is divided in two complementary parts: the evaluation of the current location and a relocation proposal. In addition to the methodological review the paper outlines five studies made in Brazilian cities or large areas, which are: Nova Iguaçu, Nilópolis, Niterói, Ilha do Governador and Fortaleza. The study emphasizes the methodological evolution from paper maps up to geocoded maps using softwares of the GIS family (Geographic Information System) such as ArcView and GeoRedes. The study also evaluates the managerial importance of each one of the five studies.
ResumoO presente estudo está dividido em três partes. Na primeira parte, o objetivo do estudo é avaliar a atual localização das escolas públicas, identificando regiões onde há excesso ou escassez de vagas. Para a aplicação prática reportada, foram usados os setores censitários do IBGE, bem como suas informações de população escolarizável em cada setor, enquanto que para o cálculo dos diversos indicadores foi utilizado o software Arcview. Na segunda parte, apresenta-se uma proposta de relocalização resultante da aplicação do modelo da p-mediana. Essa proposta sugere uma distribuição ideal que leva em conta os rearranjos demográficos da área estudada. A terceira parte do estudo considera o modelo da p-mediana capacitado e refaz o estudo de relocalização, mas supondo unidades escolares com capacidade definida. O estudo foi conduzido com as escolas públicas do ensino fundamental na cidade de Vitória/ES, com cerca de 300.000 habitantes, 271 setores censitários e 45.766 escolares na idade 7-14 anos.Palavras-chave: localização de escolas; modelo das p-medianas; sistemas de informação geográfica. AbstractThe present study is divided in three parts. In the first part, the objective of the study is to evaluate the current location of public schools. The spatial distribution is evaluated with the p-median model and the Arcview, a GIS software. Given the existing capacity, regions with excess or shortage of school places have been identified. In the second part, a heuristic algorithm to solve the p-median problem has been used and the proposed locations identified. This study proposes an ideal distribution of the school network which takes into consideration the recent demographic modifications experienced in the area. The third part of the study assumes that schools have a single standard size and considers the capacitated p-median using an special purpose algorithm. The study was applied to the location of elementary public schools in the city of Vitória, a state capital with about 300,000 inhabitants located in the southeast part of Brazil. The number of school children is 45,766 with 51 public schools, according to the 2000 National Census.
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