The adjunctive use of UV-A and B2 therapy did not demonstrate antitrophozoite activity; in vivo UV-A and B2 did not demonstrate efficacy in this model.

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The results suggested that patients with AK have persisted and increased over time at our ophthalmology center. Contact lenses showed to be a potential risk factor. Amoebic corneal infection can be considered as a new but well-established disease in Brazilian ophthalmology and visual sciences.

The impact of long-wave ultraviolet combined with riboflavin photosensitizer showed no antifungal effect on C. albicans and F. solani. The significant decrease in cell morphology of both filamentous fungi and yeasts submitted to photosensitizing riboflavin and exposure to ultraviolet light, respectively, may be promising in the development and standardization of alternatives for fungal cell inactivation, because of their minimal cytotoxic effects on the corneal surface. The methodological improvement in the preparation and application of individual chemical compounds, such as riboflavin, or physical systems, such as a long-wave light source, as antifungal agents may also assist in establishing promising therapeutic procedures for keratomycosis.

Citation: Issaho DC, Carvalho FRS, Tabuse MKU, Carrijo-Carvalho LC, de Freitas D. The use of botulinum toxin to treat infantile esotropia: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:5468-5476. DOI:10.1167/iovs.17-22576 PURPOSE. The purpose of this review was to examine the efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of infantile esotropia and to evaluate the average response of BT and its complication rates. METHODS. A research was performed in the Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial (CENTRAL).The database was searched between December 28, 2016 and January 30, 2017. The selection was restricted to articles published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. There were no date restrictions in the search.RESULTS. Nine studies were eligible for inclusion. The grouped success rate of BT treatment in infantile esotropia was 76% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 61%-89%). For the success rate, I 2 of 94.25% was observed, indicating a high heterogeneity (P < 0.001). The complication rates were also analyzed. The grouped consecutive exotropia (XT) rate was 1% (95% CI: 0%-2%). The grouped ptosis rate was 27% (95% CI: 21%-33%). The grouped vertical deviation rate was 12% (95% CI: 4%-22%). The mean change of the deviation after BT injection was À30.7 (95% CI: À37.7, À23.8), demonstrating a significant improvement in alignment.CONCLUSIONS. Botulinum toxin injection into medial recti muscles reveals to be a safe procedure and a valuable alternative to strabismus surgery in congenital esotropia, especially in moderate deviations.

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Legionellaceae is a family of gram-negative, mesophilic, and facultative intracellular parasitic bacteria that inhabits freshwater environments. In this article, the Legionella population of water samples from the North and South Lake, located close to the Brazilian Scientific Station on King George Island, Keller Peninsula, Antarctica has been characterized. Culture onto selective medium and a independent-culture method were applied to the samples. In our attempt to isolate Legionella species from Antarctic lakes, we were able to obtain one L. pneumophila colony by an amoebic coculture procedure followed by plate culture onto a selective medium. In addition, results obtained from phylogenetic inference showed the presence of noncharacterized specimens of Legionella spp. These findings indicated the presence of legionellae in Antarctica and suggest that these bacteria can adapt to extreme conditions and open new possibilities for understanding the survival strategies of mesophilic Legionellaceae living in Antarctic environments. Furthermore, the isolation of these symbiotic bacteria in Antarctic lakes will allow future studies on cold-resistant mechanisms of legionellae in polar environments.

Legionella species are ubiquitous bacteria in aquatic environments. To examine the effect of anthropogenic impacts and physicochemical characteristics on the Legionellaceae population, we collected water from two sites in the Itanhaém River system in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. One sample was collected from an upstream pristine region, the other from a downstream estuarine region moderately affected by untreated domestic sewage. Cultures on a selective medium failed to isolate Legionella species. Culture-independent methods showed that water from the estuarine aquatic habitat contained DNA sequences homologous to the 16S ribosomal DNA gene of Legionella pneumophila and non-pneumophila species. In pristine water, only two sequences related to L. pneumophila were detected. The results suggest that salinity and anthropogenic factors, such as wastewater discharge, favor a diversity of Legionella species, whereas pristine freshwater selects for Legionella pneumophila.