O processo de transparência dos governos para a sociedade utilizando informação com o objetivo de accountability é mais efetivo com as utilização de Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs). As TICs tem sido usadas para fornecer serviços governamentais mais eficientes e, mais recentemente, como base para inciativas de Governança Digital, a qual vai além da oferta de serviços eletrônicos, envolvendo a participação do cidadão. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar barreiras para a adoção dos objetivos estratégicos relacionados à transparência de acordo com a Política de Governança Digital lançada recentemente pelo Governo Federal, Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram conduzidas com gestores de organizações públicas de um estado da federação. Um conjunto de 13 diferentes barreiras foi identificado, e as que tiveram maior número de ocorrência foram as institucionais, a qualidade da informação, complexidade da tarefas, falta de suporte político, resistência dos servidores públicos em usarem TICs e falta de confiança nas instituições.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in calcium and phosphorus content in dental enamel when subjected to “in-office” whitening for an extended time by using a 35% hydrogen peroxide solution, with and without calcium. Materials and Methods 10 human teeth, from which the roots had been removed, were embedded in epoxy resin, and their surfaces were smoothed. The specimens were divided into two groups; in group 1, a whitening solution without calcium was used, while in group 2, the solution included calcium. Each specimen was evaluated at 6 different points before the bleaching treatment, and these points were reassessed after each session. A total of five sessions were carried out. Concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were measured by using the technique of X-ray fluorescence. Results After performing a statistical analysis, it was found that there was no statistically significant loss of calcium and phosphorus during the whitening treatment, and the groups showed no statistical differences. Conclusion Excessive use of hydrogen peroxide, with or without calcium, causes no loss of calcium and phosphorus.
The new offshore areas being explored in Brazil presents higher concentration of CO2 compared with most existing offshore fields. The presence of these more aggressive environments has led to the development of new technologies. Due to the construction characteristics of flexible pipes, any increase in CO2 concentration in the conveyed fluid will, in turn, increase the CO2 concentration in the pipe annulus, subjecting the metallic armor layers to a more aggressive environment. Evaluation of the CO2 effects of corrosion fatigue behavior in tensile armor wires is therefore of vital importance. A comprehensive corrosion fatigue experiment for tensile armor wires in environments up to 10 bar of CO2, has been established and the experimental results have shown a fatigue life reduction in the tensile amour wires due to higher levels of CO2.
The upcoming developments in the pre-salt area, offshore Brazil, will require the expansion of the current qualification envelope for the materials used in subsea equipment. It is expected that such fields present a higher concentration of CO2 when compared to the ultra deepwater developments carried out to date, thus leading to more aggressive environments when compared to those already known to the offshore industry. Due to the gas permeation behavior inherent in the flexible pipe's materials, any increase in the CO2 concentration in the conveyed fluid will be reflected as an increase in the CO2 concentration in the pipe annulus, subjecting its metallic armor layers to a more aggressive environment. Based on this scenario, Wellstream has established a research and development programme, in partnership with CEFET-RJ, to evaluate the effects of the CO2 partial pressure on the corrosion fatigue behavior of tensile armor wires used in flexible pipes. The scope of the research programme focused on the design of a corrosion fatigue test fixture for tensile armor wires in environments up to 15 bar CO2, and the execution of corrosion fatigue tests using different partial pressures of CO2 whilst maintaining the consistency of the other test variables, such as test setup, test frequency, test media, tensile armor wire supplier and material batch. Upon completion of the test programme, it was possible to quantify the effects of the CO2 partial pressure on the fatigue service life of tensile armor wires in flexible pipes, which generated valuable test data to support flexible pipe design for such harsh environments.
Introduction
Unbonded dynamic flexible risers represent a key integrating technology for offshore developments, playing a major role in connecting subsea structures with surface floating production units. The versatility of flexible pipes provide a wide range of applications due to their unique structural characteristics, which comprise the use of helically wound metallic wires and tapes, and extruded thermoplastics, to form a composite pipe structure designed to address field specific requirements. Figure 1 presents a typical rough bore flexible pipe structure.
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