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List of symbols A Uncut chip area, mm 2 a Specific cutting energy coefficient, MPa/mm 2 b Depth of cut, µm F Cutting force, N f Feed per tooth, mm/th k Specific cutting force, MPa/mm 2 m Empirical factors n Rotational speed, rpm r Radius, µm t Uncut chip thickness, µm V Cutting velocity, m/min z Number of teeth Greek symbols θ Angular position of the cutting edge, rad ϕ Critical angle, rad Subscripts c Relative to chip cm Relative to minimum chip e Relative to edge r Relative to radial res-max Relative to maximum resultant t Relative to tangential direction x Relative to a direction perpendicular to feed direction y Relative to feed direction Z Relative to the direction orthogonal to x and y z Relative to tooth 1 Introduction Over the last decade, the seek for smaller and lighter devices has significantly increased and, as a consequence,