Cognitive rehabilitation associated with AChE-I treatment can potentially be useful to stabilize or improve cognitive and functional performance of patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and can reduce caregivers' psychiatric symptoms.
RESUMO -Objetivo: Apresentar resultados preliminares do 'tratamento combinado' (inibidor da acetilcolinesterase + treinamento cognitivo), em um grupo de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA) leve, acompanhados por 7 meses. Método: Seis pacientes com diagnóstico de DA leve, de acordo com critérios diagnósticos da CID-10 e NINCDS-ADRDA, foram submetidos a ensaio clínico aberto com Rivastigmina, 6-12 mg/dia, por 2 meses, seguido por grupo de reabilitação cognitiva semanal, por 5 meses. Os familiares/cuidadores foram atendidos em grupo semanal de suporte e aconselhamento, por 5 meses. Resultados: Ao final do acompanhamento, houve: estabilização ou discreta melhora dos déficits cognitivos e das atividades de vida diária dos pacientes; estabilização ou redução dos níveis de depressão e ansiedade nos pacientes e familiares. Conclusão: O 'tratamento combinado' pode auxiliar na estabilização ou resultar em leve melhora dos déficits cognitivos e funcionais de pacientes com DA leve. As intervenções de suporte e aconselhamento podem reduzir o nível de sintomas psiquiátricos de seus familiares.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: demência, doença de Alzheimer, inibidor da acetilcolinesterase, reabilitação cognitiva, atividades de vida diária, cuidadores. This study aims to show preliminary results of the 'combined treatment' (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor + cognitive training) on a group of mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, followed-up for 7 months. Methods: Six mild AD patients, diagnosed according to ICD-10 and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, were included on a open trial with Rivastigmine, 6-12 mg/day, for 2 months, followed by a weekly cognitive rehabilitation group, for 5 months. Caregivers were submitted to a weekly group of counseling and support for 5 months. Results: Stabilization or mild improvement of patients' cognitive and activities of daily living deficits were found, besides reduction of patients and caregivers' depressive and anxiety levels. Conclusion: The 'combined treatment' can help on the stabilization or result on a mild improvement of AD patients' cognitive and functional deficits. Support and counseling interventions can reduce the levels of caregivers' psychiatric symptoms. A doença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma doença cerebral degenerativa, caracterizada por perda progressiva da memória e de outras funções cognitivas, que prejudicam o paciente em suas atividades de vida diária e em seu desempenho social e ocupacional. A DA pode ser divida em três fases -leve, moderada e grave -de acordo com o nível de comprometimento cognitivo e o grau de dependência do indivíduo.
The COVID-19 pandemic has become one of the main international concerns regarding its impact on mental health. The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and behavioral aspects amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in a Brazilian population. An online survey was administered from May 22 to June 5, 2020 using a questionnaire comprising of sociodemographic information, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the Coping Strategies Inventory. Participants comprised 3,000 people from Brazil’s 26 states and the Federal District, with an average age of 39.8 years, women (83%), married (50.6%), graduates (70.1%) and employees (46.7%). Some contracted the virus (6.4%) and had dead friends or relatives (22.7%). There was more consumption of drugs, tobacco, medication, and food (40.8%). Almost half of participants expressed symptoms of depression (46.4%), anxiety (39.7%), and stress (42.2%). These were higher in women, people without children, students, patients with chronic diseases, and people who had contact with others diagnosed with COVID-19. The existence of a group more vulnerable to situations with a high stress burden requires greater attention regarding mental health during and after the pandemic. That said, it should be emphasized that these findings are preliminary and portray a moment still being faced by many people amid the pandemic and quarantine measures. Therefore, we understand that the magnitude of the impacts on mental health will only be more specific with continuous studies after total relaxation of the quarantine.
ResumoContexto: A relação entre transtorno mental e histórico de abuso sexual é frequentemente observada na prática clínica e relatada na literatura. Objetivo: Descrever os dados demográficos e os aspectos emocionais e comportamentais em crianças e adolescentes vítimas de abuso sexual. Método: 205 crianças e adolescentes com idade entre 6 e 14 anos, sendo 130 meninas (9,6 ± 3,4 anos) e 75 meninos (7,2 ± 2,9 anos) vítimas de abuso sexual passaram por avaliação psicológica e psiquiátrica individual no período de 2005 a 2009. As variáveis estudadas foram: gênero, faixa etária, grau de relação da vítima com o perpetrador, aspectos psicológicos, dados psiquiátricos, aspectos comportamentais e afetivo-emocionais (culpa, vergonha, medo, insegurança, percepção da figura masculina e feminina e de si em relação ao ambiente). Resultados: As meninas são as maiores vítimas (63,4%). A faixa etária de maior risco para as meninas é entre 7 e 10 anos de idade (48,5%), enquanto para os meninos é de 3 a 6 anos (54,6%). Os pais são os maiores perpetradores do abuso sexual (38%), seguidos do padrasto (29%). Meninos e meninas expressaram elevada frequência para depressão e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT). As meninas expressam comportamento mais erotizado, enquanto os meninos ficam mais isolados. Conclusão: Este estudo permitiu identificar uma parcela relevante de aspectos psicológicos, psiquiátricos e comportamentais, os quais podem afetar de forma impactante o desenvolvimento emocional de crianças e adolescentes. Serafim AP, et al. / Rev Psiq Clín. 2011;38(4):143-7Palavras-chave: Abuso sexual, transtornos mentais, infância, adolescência. AbstractBackground: There is a well known relationship between sexual abuse in children and mental health disorders, which is seen both in clinical practice as in the scientific literature. Objective: To describe demographic profile as well as behavioral and emotional features of a cohort of children and adolescents sexually abused. Método: 205 children and adolescent, ranging from 6 to 14 years old, 130 girls (age 9.6 ± 3.4 yo) and 75 boys (age 7.2 ± 2.9 yo) were evaluated due to being victims of sexual abuse between the years 2005 and 2009. Gender, age, relationship with the perpetrator, psychological and psychiatric symptoms, behavioral and affective-emotional features (blame, shame, fearfulness, male and female figures image and self perception) were all properly evaluated. Results: Girls were the main victims (63.4%). The riskier age ranging from 7 to 10 yo (48.5%) among then, and from 3 to 6 yo (54.6%) for the boys. Fathers are the major perpetrators (38%) followed by step-fathers (29%). Boys and girls show high risk for depression and Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Girls tend to be more sexualized whilst boys tend to isolate themselves. Discussion: This research allowed to identify an important set of psychological, psychiatric and behavioral characteristics that affect the normal emotional development of children and adolescents.
ResumoContexto: A prática de abuso sexual contra crianças é um fenômeno universal. Ela ocorre em todos os tempos e lugares e atinge todas as classes socioeconômicas. Enquanto a maioria dos estudos investiga as vítimas, os poucos estudos sobre agressores se concentram principalmente em dados demográficos. Objetivo: Apresentar revisão da literatura quanto à classificação de molestadores sexuais de crianças, de acordo com o perfil psicológico e comportamental. Métodos: Revisão da literatura e discussão do material utilizado. Resultados: Apresentação das principais classificações dos criminosos sexuais contra crianças, identificando as tipologias mais utilizadas com suas possíveis contribuições à psiquiatria e à psicologia forense. Conclusão: A utilização do perfil psicológico em crimes sexuais é de fundamental relevância no contexto médico-legal, mas ainda carece de bases científicas mais sólidas. Serafim AP, et al. / Rev Psiq Clín. 2009;36(3):105-11Palavras-chave: Abuso sexual, perfil psicológico, violência sexual, ciências forenses. AbstractBackground: Sexual violence against children is a universal problem, occurring since ever, everywhere and regardless the socio-economic status. Whist most studies have been dedicated to the victim of such crime, there is little information regarding their perpetrators, which is largely limited to the description of demographic data. Objective: Review the literature regarding children sexual aggressors according to psychological and behavioral profile. Methods: Literature review and discussion. Results: Presentation of the major classifications of offenders, pointing out the most widely used ones and the implications to forensic psychiatry and psychology. Conclusion: The psychological and behavioral profile use is very important for medico-legal practice, but still needs better scientific validation.
Background: Issues related to the field of mental health and justice require a multifactorial understanding of the possible causes of such issues. Objective: To conduct an integrative literature review of controlled studies describing forensic neuropsychological assessment. Methods: The articles were compiled and analyzed in two phases: 1) first, we retrieved all papers in PubMed by the keywords "Forensic Neuropsychology" and generated a growth curve for the subject and a cluster-based thematic distribution of publications. 2) We then conducted a curated analysis of all relevant papers indexed in Medline, PubMed and ISI, between 2000 and 2012. Results: The evolution of the field during the last 15 years reveals an unstable growth pattern and three main thematic clusters. In terms of our curated analysis, a total of 390 articles were pre-selected, resulting in the selection of 44 fully-relevant studies, which comprise four main categories: cognitive damage in forensic psychiatric patients; imitation of cognitive damage; civil capacity, penal liability and violence risk; and validation of neuropsychological assessment tools. Discussion: Two aspects appeared as the most relevant in this study: growth in the use of neuropsychological assessment as a diagnostic tool in the forensic context; and the necessity to enhance conformity in assessments.
Contexto: A alta prevalência de indivíduos dependentes de álcool estimula a realização de estudos que ampliem o entendimento de seus efeitos sobre o organismo. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a preservação e prejuízo de funções neuropsicológicas em um caso de dependência alcoólica. Trata-se de estudo de caso de um alcoolista em tratamento medicamentoso no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, que declarava encontrar-se abstêmio desde o início do tratamento há cerca de um ano. Métodos: Os instrumentos utilizados neste estudo foram entrevistas e testes neuropsicológicos (WAIS-III, Figura de Rey e WRAML-II). Resultados: Os resultados das funções visuomotoras, praxia construtiva, memórias visual e verbal e capacidade de aprendizagem apresentaram graves prejuízos. O paciente teve um desempenho ligeiramente melhor, embora ainda rebaixado, em linguagem, aritmética e memória para sentenças curtas. A atenção imediata teve resultado dentro da normalidade, dado consistente com achados anteriores. O resultado no Subteste Semelhanças reforça evidências da capacidade de generalização em indivíduos dependentes de álcool. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os dados obtidos são consistentes com a literatura atual que apontam graves prejuízos na memória e funções visuomotoras paralelamente a manutenção da atenção e capacidade de generalização.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of mental disorders in convicted sex offenders admitted to the Psychiatric Custody and Treatment Hospital (Forensic Psychiatric Facility). METHOD: 89 patient records of males admitted from March 2005 to August 2006 were analyzed. The analysis included evaluation of two study groups: Group I comprised subjects who had committed sex offenses (sexual offenders) while Group II contained subjects convicted for other crimes (non-sexual offenders). Variables studied were: age bracket, years of schooling, marital status, skin color, place of birth, previous psychiatric admissions and psychiatric diagnosis. RESULTS: Mental retardation and personality disorders were the mainly diagnoses in Group I (sexual offenders) (61,76% and 29,41% respectively). In the other hand, schizophrenic subjects predominated in Group II (non-sexual offenders) (82,93%). CONCLUSION: Different from international data, we have found low prevalence of personality disorders among Brazilian forensic population and we believe that it's due to a distinguishing characteristic of the Brazilian legal system, which does not consider personality disorder a mental disease, thus, not prompting these patients to civil commitment.
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