Nanotube functionalization with 4-hydroxymethylaniline (HMA) via the diazonium salt
method has been done on SWNT produced by the CoMoCAT process. Thermal analysis indicates 1 out of
every 33 C atoms remains functionalized. Raman, FTIR, and optical absorption spectroscopy confirm the
side-wall functionalization and show that it can be reversed by thermolysis. The OH group that is
generated from the functionalization was used to start the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone.
The polymer thus produced (PCL) remains grafted to the nanotube as demonstrated by FTIR and a
dramatic increase in suspendibility in chloroform. By combining several techniques (TGA, TPD, and TPO)
a quantification of the number of polymer chains attached to the nanotube and their average length has
been attempted.
Two series of biomedical segmented polyurethanes (SPU) based on poly(epsilon-caprolactone) diol (PCL diol), 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) or L: -lysine methyl ester diisocyanate (LDI) and three novel chain extenders, were synthesized and characterized. Chain extenders containing urea groups or an aromatic amino-acid derivative were incorporated in the SPU formulation to strengthen the hard segment interactions through either bidentate hydrogen bonding or pi-stacking interactions, respectively. By varying the composition of the hard segment (diisocyanate and chain extender), its structure was varied to investigate the structure-property relationships. The different chemical composition and symmetry of hard segment modulated the phase separation of soft and hard domains, as demonstrated by the thermal behavior. Hard segment association was more enhanced by using a combination of symmetric diisocyanate and urea-diol chain extenders. The hard segment cohesion had an important effect on the observed mechanical behavior. Polyurethanes synthesized using HDI (Series H) were stronger than those obtained using LDI (Series L). The latter SPU exhibited no tendency to undergo cold-drawing and the lowest ultimate properties. Incorporation of the aromatic chain extender produced opposite effects, resulting in polyurethanes with the highest elongation and tearing energy (Series H) and the lowest strain at break (Series L). Since the synthesized biodegradable SPU possess a range of thermal and mechanical properties, these materials may hold potential for use in soft tissue engineering scaffold applications.
The development of biomimetic highly-porous scaffolds is essential for successful tissue engineering. Segmented poly(ester urethane)s and poly(ester urethane urea)s have been infrequently used for the fabrication of electrospun nanofibrous tissues, which is surprising because these polymers represent a very large variety of materials with tailored properties. This study reports the preparation of new electrospun elastomeric polyurethane scaffolds. Two novel segmented polyurethanes (SPU), synthesized from poly(epsilon-caprolactone) diol, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, and diester-diphenol or diurea-diol chain extenders, were used (Caracciolo et al. in J Mater Sci Mater Med 20:145-155, 2009). The spinnability and the morphology of the electrospun SPU scaffolds were investigated and discussed. The electrospinning parameters such as solution properties (polymer concentration and solvent) and processing parameters (applied electric field, needle to collector distance and solution flow rate) were optimized to achieve smooth, uniform bead-free fibers with diameter (~700 nm) mimicking the protein fibers of native extracellular matrix (ECM). The obtained elastomeric polyurethane scaffolds could be appropriate for soft tissue-engineering applications.
Unsaturated polyester prepolymers were synthesized with different chemical compositions and molecular weights. Cloud-point curves (CPC) were measured in St-UP quasibinary solutions, showing UCST behavior in all cases. The miscibility of the first UP samples series in St comonomer was enhanced when AA chemical comonomer concentration in UP prepolymer increased. In the second series, UP prepolymer miscibility increased with the molecular weight up to a maximum and, after that, the miscibility decreased. A thermodynamic analysis of experimental CPCs was performed using the Flory-Huggins (F-H) theory for polydisperse polymer solutions. A simple relationship between the interaction parameter and the temperature inverse could fit the measured CPCs in wide concentrations and molecular weight ranges. In the temperature interval where this fit took place, the positive enthalpic contribution to the interaction parameters determined the miscibility dependence with temperature in both UP sample series. The St-UP miscibility behavior was also correlated with UPs structural chemical parameters as: (a) the final HOÀ À and HOOCÀ À high polar groups concentration, (b) the chain backbone polar adipate and phthalate groups concentration, and (c) the UP size dependent mixing entropy. All these parameters are molecular weight dependent.
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