This paper investigates the ideational meanings of science through the analyses of types and functions of the images used in science textbooks, the formality of the pictures, the genre of the texts used as the main passage, and the process types used. This paper also probes into the interpersonal meaning of science through the analysis of pronouns used to address the readers, the analysis of represented participants, including the existence or nonexistence of gaze, and the position of the images in relation to their interactive participants. The data for the study consisted of three randomly selected topics from science textbooks for grade 7,8 and 9 based on two different curricula used, namely KTSP 2006 and Kurikulum 2013. Reading images as proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen (1996; was used to analyze the visual images along with systemic functional linguistics (SFL) as proposed by Halliday (1994); Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) to analyze the verbal texts. The findings show that ideationally, the most dominant type of pictures used in the topics investigated is realistic pictures, pictures which represent human optical perception. In terms of the function of the pictures, analytical pictures, pictures which show the part-whole relationship, are dominantly used in the topics. Ideationally, the topics in the textbooks maintain the sameness of forms and colors of the scientific objects students study at schools as their real objects. Interpersonally, readers are positioned as the receivers of the message from persons who are more knowledgable, hence, more powerful than they are but, at the same time, approachable by the readers.
In a criminal trial, the plea of the accused is arguably a very important appraising discourse tool functioning mainly to counter the crime narrative made by public prosecutors in their indictment and closing statement. As an appraisal instrument, the plea represents the stance of the accused with regards to the facts of the case as well as the legal aspects of the alleged crime. In this regards, the plea may serve both argumentative and persuasive functions and may shape, to some extent, the understanding and the consideration of the judges who decide on the case. The study, which is qualitative in nature, uses Martin and White’s appraisal theory (Martin and White, 2005) to investigate evaluation strategies employed by an accused of a corruption case in his plea. Evaluation strategies are defined here as strategies in discourse used to counter the crime narrative by employing relevant evaluative resources. The result of the analysis shows that the accused strategically uses the three main discourse semantics resources, i.e. engagement, attitude, and graduation. The contractive options of engagement (deny, counter, and pronounce) are used to counter aspects of the crime narrative, while judgment of propriety (social sanction) and capacity (social esteem) of the attitude component are employed mainly to evaluate aspects of the crime narrative negatively and aspects of the counter narrative positively. Furthermore, amplification and quantification options of the graduation component are used to strengthen the degree of evaluation. It can be concluded that the narrative of plea is arguably an important evaluative instrument which, strategically and professionally constructed, may help the accused convince the judges of his/her innocence.
One of the Javanese's highest cultures is the creation of cultural wisdom that conveys the concept of fairness as expressed in propositions as well as cultural expressions. This research aims to revive the memories of Javanese cultural wisdom especially those related to fairness. Based on the propositions, the objective of this research is to identify the concept of fairness behavior in Javanese culture. This research is qualitative. The data were collected from text books and literary texts validated by in-depth interviews as well as forum group discussions. The data corpuses were analyzed by using componential and taxonomic analysis. Through semantic and pragmatic analysis, the fairness concept in Javanese culture can be identified. Bisa ngrumangsani is the main principle of fairness in Javanese propositions and covers two sub-ordinates propositions, i.e. self-restraint and appreciation for others. Each of these two sub-ordinate propositions covers four sub-ordinate propositions referring to action, character, desire, and competence. All of these propositions are sustained by the other proposition creating a whole concept of fairness. The results of this research are expected to serve as groundwork on how the education of national character building relating to fairness behavior can be realized.
Abstrak"Reformasi Total", demikianlah sebuah slogan yang dihadirkan dalam wacana publik pada masa pascaorde baru. Kecaman, keluhan, atau kemarahan itu pun hadir di berbagai media wacana, baik dalam dialog formal maupun informal. Pada masa pascaorde baru, memori yang ada pada masyarakat adalah memori tentang peristiwa-peristiwa yang tidak terkendali. Memori itu kemudian terrepresentasikan dalam wacana yang berbunyi "Reformasi yang kebablasan". Sebuah kata, frasa, serta kalimat pada dasarnya berpotensi menampilkan makna referensial maupun kontekstual. Secara pragmatis, sebuah kata, frasa, atau kalimat memiliki kemungkinan untuk menyatakan maksud kearifan atau maksud ketidakarifan. Ketidakarifan -yang dimaksudkan dalam penelitian ini -merupakan tindakan pelanggaran terhadap etika dan etiket yang berlaku di masyarakat. Bagaimana mewacanakan gerakan reformasi secara arif? Perlukah memanfaatkan kosakata ketidakarifan secara produktif dalam wacana publik? Siapakah yang bertanggung jawab dalam menumbuhkembangkan kearifan masyarakat? Kearifan dalam bahasa tidak berkaitan dengan tindakan manipulatif dalam penyampaian informasi. Kearifan dalam bahasa berkaitan dengan strategi pemilihan satuansatuan bahasa. Kearifan adalah tanggung jawab bersama. Bahasa yang arif tidak akan hadir secara menyeluruh jika pihak-pihak terkait dan segala peristiwa yang dihasilkannya tidak menuju ke kearifan. Kearifan tidak memperdebatkan tuntutan hak dan kebebasan berwacana. AbstractThe Wisdom of Language A Pragmatic Study on the Profile of the Post-New Order Era Mass Media Language. "Total Reformasi!" is the slogan circulated in the public discourse of the post-New Order era. All kinds of condemnation, grievances, and anger have been raised in various discourses, from formal to informal dialogues. In such an era, people's collective memory is mostly associated with uncontrollable events, and it is eventually represented in the discourse of "the overdosed Reformasi" (Reformasi yang kebablasan). A word, phrase, and sentence basically have the potential of expressing both referential and contextual meanings. From a pragmatic point of view, a word, phrase, or sentence has a capacity to express either wise or unwise intentions. "Unwise intention" in the context of this research is defined as an act of transgressing or violating the ethics and etiquettes of a society. How can the discourse of Reformasi be constructed wisely? Is it necessary to appropriate unwise vocabulary in public discourses? Who holds the responsibility for fostering public wisdom? The wisdom of language has nothing to do whatsoever with manipulative acts in information dissemination. The wisdom of language relates to strategies of choosing certain linguistic features. Wisdom is a collective responsibility. A wise language would not be able to fully exist unless all of the related parties and resulting events make a concerted effort towards wisdom. Wisdom does not involve itself in the tug of war between the right and freedom of participating in discursive formations.
Harmony is a critical Javanese philosophical concept used to establish social relationships. In face-to-face communication, the principle of harmony is enacted in an attempt to ensure the social relations between the speakers remain harmonious, peaceful, and free from disputes. In face-to-face discourse, the selection of speech acts that establishes these aspects is a strategic communication tool. Every speech act states a different level of politeness when addressed to different speech partner. Wayang kulit, a leading puppet theater performance of the Javanese, contains face-to-face dialogs that enact such efforts to maintain harmony. This study examines these dialogs between wayang kulit characters to better understand the role that language plays in establishing harmony in this art form of puppet theater. The study uses the classification of speech acts by Searle (1975). It is observed that the choice of illocutionary speech acts plays a role in controlling the occurrence of disputes in communication. These speech acts are also studied from the perspective of the theories of politeness from Brown and Levinson (1978) and Leech (1983); (2014). We argue that politeness in speech is used to express the values of Javanese harmony. The results of this study provide practical insight into the principle of Javanese harmony, represented in face-to-face communication in a purwa shadow puppet performance, and also represents a universal value appropriate for the realization of friendly social relationships more broadly.
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