Harmony is a critical Javanese philosophical concept used to establish social relationships. In face-to-face communication, the principle of harmony is enacted in an attempt to ensure the social relations between the speakers remain harmonious, peaceful, and free from disputes. In face-to-face discourse, the selection of speech acts that establishes these aspects is a strategic communication tool. Every speech act states a different level of politeness when addressed to different speech partner. Wayang kulit, a leading puppet theater performance of the Javanese, contains face-to-face dialogs that enact such efforts to maintain harmony. This study examines these dialogs between wayang kulit characters to better understand the role that language plays in establishing harmony in this art form of puppet theater. The study uses the classification of speech acts by Searle (1975). It is observed that the choice of illocutionary speech acts plays a role in controlling the occurrence of disputes in communication. These speech acts are also studied from the perspective of the theories of politeness from Brown and Levinson (1978) and Leech (1983); (2014). We argue that politeness in speech is used to express the values of Javanese harmony. The results of this study provide practical insight into the principle of Javanese harmony, represented in face-to-face communication in a purwa shadow puppet performance, and also represents a universal value appropriate for the realization of friendly social relationships more broadly.
In Javanese society, an apology expression tends to be initially stated in the beginning of a speech, even though the speech is not necessarily wrong. An apology expresses a remorse for having hurt or disturbed the interlocutor. This research aims to explain the strategy of apology expression (nyuwun pangapunten) as a local genius of Javanese society in having a conversation. This study focuses on the function and use of apology speech acts in Javanese. The data of this research are retrieved from a web application of Javanese corpus at www.korpus.ui.ac.id; it is a collection of words of Javanese language from written sources, both printed and online media from various regions in Java from 1950 to 2010. The words are processed by using AntConc application. The discussion about the function and use of the apology expression strategy is held under the theory of politeness. The results of this research prove that the use of an apology expression in Javanese does not only serve to express refusal and to start conversation, but also is used to ask permission to perform something.
Matur nuwun is an expressive utterance in Javanese used to convey certain psychological feelings to speech partners. The existence of a particular purpose in an utterance indicates the pragmatic function of the use of an utterance. In using matur nuwun, there are also used to end a conversation. In the previous studies, matur nuwun were included in the type of phatic utterance that serves to keep the communication between speakers persist. But, in the initial observation of the data was found that matur nuwun has another function, which is establishing harmony. It means, there are still some usages of matur nuwun which need to be explained. This research aims to find the function and use of matur nuwun in Javanese. The data are taken from the corpus of Javanese in corpus web application https://korpus.ui.ac.id/. The processing of corpus data is performed by using antconc (word processing application). The discussion of the function and usage of matur nuwun in this study is conducted with politeness theory. The results of this study prove that the use of matur nuwun in utterance is not only as phatic expression, but also used to maintain the balance and social relations between speakers.
Every culture in the world has its own ways to adapt against the challenges in their environments. In the process of adaption, people think and do whatever necessary for their survival. One of the many ways to be adaptive to the environment is to interpret or to give meaning to it. In this case, people often think it metaphorically or use metaphors to understand it. A metaphor is a way to understand and experience one kind of thing in terms of another. Like other people, Javanese people also use metaphor to understand and experience their life. This study deals with how Javanese people interpret and give meaning to time. It is interesting to explore how Javanese people think about time, because they do not recognize tense in their grammar. To this end, this study employs a corpus method by building a one-million-word corpus consisting of Javanese fictional articles, short stories, and novels. Three time-related words become the focus of the study, namely wanci, wayah, and wektu. The analysis shows that wanci and wayah have similar characteristics as they both indicate time as a static entity. Wektu, on the other hand, indicates time as a dynamic entity.
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