No abstract

The boiling points, densities, refractive indices, and surface tensions of a number of fluorocarbons have been determined, and the variation of certain of these properties with temperature has been investigated.IN Parts I-V of this series (J., 1949, 3021, 3026; 1950, 2689, 2787, 3617) the preparation of fluorocarbons by the interaction of fluorine and of cobalt trifluoride with hydrocarbons was described. The present communication records physical properties of certain fluorocarbons the preparation of which was described in Parts 111-V.The pure fluorocarbons available were : in the n-perfluoroparaffin series, C,

No abstract

The uncontrolled inflammatory response caused by a disorder in inflammation resolution is one of the reasons for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The macrophage pool markedly expands when inflammatory monocytes, known as recruited macrophages, migrate from the circulation to the lung. The persistent presence of recruited macrophages leads to chronic inflammation in the resolution phase of inflammation. On the contrary, elimination of the recruited macrophages at the injury site leads to the rapid resolution of inflammation. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) is an endogenous lipid mediator derived from docosahexaenoic acid. Mice were administered RvD1 via the tail vein 3 and 4 days after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. RvD1 reduced the levels of the inflammatory factors in the lung tissue, promoted the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, and enhanced the phagocytic function of recruited macrophages to alleviate acute lung injury. We also found that the number of macrophages was decreased in BAL fluid after treatment with RvD1. RvD1 increased the apoptosis of recruited macrophages partly via the FasL-FasR/caspase-3 signaling pathway, and this effect could be blocked by Boc-2, an ALX/PRP2 inhibitor. Taken together, our findings reinforce the concept of therapeutic targeting leading to the apoptosis of recruited macrophages. Thus, RvD1 may provide a new therapy for the resolution of ARDS.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a fatal disease characterized by excessive infiltration of inflammatory cells. MCTR1 is an endogenously pro‐resolution lipid mediator. We tested the hypothesis that MCTR1 accelerates inflammation resolution through resident M2 alveolar macrophage polarization. The mice received MCTR1 via intraperitoneal administration 3 days after LPS stimulation, and then, the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected 24 hours later to measure the neutrophil numbers. Flow cytometry was used to sort the resident and recruited macrophages. Post‐treatment with MCTR1 offered dramatic benefits in the resolution phase of LPS‐induced lung injury, including decreased neutrophil numbers, reduced BAL fluid protein and albumin concentrations and reduced histological injury. In addition, the expression of the M2 markers Arg1, FIZZ1, Remlα, CD206 and Dectin‐1 was increased on resident macrophages in the LPS + MCTR1 group. Resident macrophage depletion abrogated the therapeutic effects of MCTR1, and reinjection of the sorted resident macrophages into the lung decreased neutrophil numbers. Finally, treatment with MCTR1 increased STAT6 phosphorylation. The STAT6 inhibitor AS1517499 abolished the beneficial effects of MCTR1. In conclusion, MCTR1 promotes resident M2 alveolar macrophage polarization via the STAT6 pathway to accelerate resolution of LPS‐induced lung injury.

The action of sodium cyanide on 1 : 1 : l-trifluoroacetone afforded the corresponding racemic cyanohydrin which was converted into the racemic a-hydroxy-a-trifluoromethylpropionic acid. Certain derivatives of the latter product were made, and fractional crystallisation of its brucine salt enabled the dextro-and the Zwo-acid to be isolated.

No abstract

An investigation into the distribution of freely occurring polyhydric alcohols in normal bovine semen has revealed the presence of three previously unreported constituents, namely d-mannitol (17 mg/100 ml), erythritol (6\m=.\9mg/100 ml) and glycerol (circa 2 mg/100 ml). These three polyols, together with inositol and sorbitol were characterized by the preparation of suitable derivatives. Where applicable, the physical constants of the crystalline materials and of their derivatives were determined.