RESUMO -O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar as eficiências biológica e econômica de sistemas de alimentação, durante os períodos críticos, como alternativa de redução da idade de abate de bovinos recriados em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens.Sessenta bezerros F1s Angus-Nelore desmamados foram distribuídos nos seguintes tratamentos: A) sem suplementação; B) suplementação somente no primeiro período seco; C) suplementação apenas na segunda seca; D) suplementação nos dois períodos secos; e E) suplementação no primeiro período seco e confinamento no segundo. Os suplementos utilizados foram rações comerciais fornecidas diariamente em quantidades equivalentes a 0,8 e 0,9% do peso vivo, nas primeira e segunda secas, respectivamente. O confinamento durou 100 dias e os novilhos receberam, ad libitum, uma ração contendo 40% de feno de Brachiaria decumbens e 60% de concentrado. O período experimental foi da desmama até o abate (460 kg). Durante o primeiro período seco, os animais suplementados apresentaram maiores ganhos de peso diário (GPD) que os não suplementados, 460 e 70 g, respectivamente. Durante o segundo período seco, os animais confinados apresentaram maiores GPD (1.285 g), seguidos dos suplementados em pasto (580 g), enquanto os não suplementados perderam peso (-180 g). Houve aumento na capacidade de suporte dos pastos, onde os animais receberam suplementação, em 24 e 30%, durante os primeiro e segundo períodos secos, respectivamente. Os animais que passaram por restrição alimentar no segundo período seco apresentaram ganho compensatório, quando cessou a restrição, mas esse não foi suficiente para que os animais atingissem pesos de abate à mesma idade dos suplementados. As idades de abate foram 30,1; 28,0; 26,6; 24,2; e 22,0 meses, respectivamente, para os tratamentos A, B, C, D e E. Também foi apresentada a avaliação econômica.Palavras-chave: confinamento, economicidade, idade abate, suplementação em pasto, taxa de lotação, valor nutritivo Performance of F1s Angus-Nellore Steers on Brachiaria decumbens Pasture Under Different Feeding RegimesABSTRACT -The objective of this trial was to evaluate the biological and economical feeding systems feasibility during critical periods as an alternative to reduce the slaughter ages the animals raised in Brachiaria decumbens pastures. Sixty F1s Angus-Nellore weaned calves were randomly assigned in the following treatments: A) no supplementation; B) supplementation during the dry season after weaning; C) supplementation during the second dry season of the animal's life; D) supplementation during the both dry seasons; and E) supplementation during the first dry season and feedlot in the second one. The used supplement was a commercial ration, daily supplied at about 0.8% and 0.9% of liveweight, in the first and second dry periods, respectively. The feedlot treatment lasted 100 days, and the steers received ad libitum, a diet containing 40% of B. decumbens hay and 60% of concentrate. The experimental period was from weaning to slaughter (460 kg). During the first dry sea...
Abstract. Biomass consumption and carbon release rates during the process of forest clearing by fire in five test plots are presented and discussed. The experiments were conducted at the Caiabi Farm, near the town of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, in five square plots of 1 ha each, designated A, B, C, D, and E, with different locations and timing of fire. Plot A was located in the interface with a pasture, with three edges bordering on the forest, and was cut and burned in 1997. Plots B,C, D, and E were located inside the forest. Plot B was cut and burned in 1997. Plot C was inside a deforested 9-ha area, which was cut and burned in 1998. Plot D was inside a deforested 4-ha area, which was cut in 1998 and burned in 1999. Plot E was inside a deforested 4-ha area, which was cut and burned in 1999. Biomass consumption was 22.7%, 19.5%, 47.5%, 61.5%, and 41.8%, for A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. The effects of an extended curing period and of increasing the deforested area surrounding the plots could be clearly observed. The consumption, for areas cut and burned during the same year, tended toward a value of nearly 50% when presented as a function of the total area burned. The aboveground biomass of the test site and the amount of carbon before the fire were 496 Mg ha '1 and 138 Mg ha '1, respectively. Considering that the biomass that remains unburned keeps about the same average carbon content of fresh biomass, which is supported by the fact that the unburned material consists mainly of large logs, and considering the value of 50% for consumption, the amount of carbon released to the atmosphere as gases was 69 Mg ha '1. The amounts of CO2 and CO released to the atmosphere by the burning process were then estimated as 228 Mg ha '1 and 15.9 Mg ha '1, respectively. Observations on fire propagation and general features of the slash burnings in the test areas complete the paper.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o ganho de peso vivo, a capacidade de suporte e a eficiência bioeconômica em pastos de Panicum maximum, cultivar Tanzânia, com aplicação de uma segunda dose de adubação nitrogenada no final do verão. Anualmente foram aplicados em cobertura: 50, 17,48, e 33,2 kg ha -1 de N, P e K, respectivamente, em novembro. A metade da área recebeu 50 kg ha -1 de N adicional em março. Os tratamentos foram pastos de capim-tanzânia com 50 e 100 kg ha -1 de N. Os piquetes foram submetidos ao pastejo rotacionado. Foram utilizados quatro animais por piquete, e animais adicionais foram colocados e removidos para manter resíduos semelhantes pós-pastejo. Não houve efeito da adubação nitrogenada sobre o ganho médio diário. No entanto, o pasto adubado com 100 kg ha -1 de N (1,8 UA ha -1 ) resultou em maior capacidade de suporte e maior produtividade (780 kg ha -1 por ano de PV) do que o adubado com 50 kg ha -1 de N (1,5 UA ha -1 ) e com 690 kg ha -1 por ano de PV, em média. A eficiência da conversão do N em produto animal foi de 1,8 kg de PV por hectare para cada quilograma adicional de N aplicado. O uso da adubação nitrogenada no final do verão é uma alternativa bioeconomicamente viável para a produção sustentável de carne.Termos para indexação: Panicum maximum, análise econômica, Cerrado, manejo de pastagem, oferta de forragem, taxa de lotação. Biological and economic efficiency of Panicum maximum fertilized with nitrogen in the end of summerAbstract -The objective of the work was to estimate animal live weight gain, the pasture carrying capacity, and the bioeconomic efficiency of Panicum maximum, cultivar Tanzânia pastures, with a second application of nitrogen fertilizer in the end of summer (March). Maintenance fertilizer was 50, 17.5 and 33.2 kg ha -1 of N, P and K, respectively, applied annually in November. Besides, in half of the area, an additional 50 kg ha -1 of N was applied in March. Treatments were tanzânia pastures with two levels of nitrogen fertilization, 50 and 100 kg ha -1 . The paddocks were submitted to a rotational grazing. Four steers were kept in each paddock, and additional steers were allocated and removed to assure similar postgrazing residues. There was no effect of N fertlization on average daily gain. However, the pasture fertilized with 100 kg ha -1 de N (1,8 UA ha -1 ) resulted in greater carrying capacity and productivity (780 kg ha -1 of liveweight per year) than that observed in the one fertilized with 50 kg ha -1 de N (1,5 UA ha -1 ) and productivity of 690 kg ha -1 per year of liveweight, on average. The efficiency of N conversion into animal product was 1.8 kg LW ha -1 for each additional kilogram of N applied. Additional N fertilization in March, is a bioeconomically viable alternative for producing sustainable beef.Index terms: Panicum maximum, economic analysis, Cerrado, forage allowance, pasture management, stocking rate. IntroduçãoDuas são as rotas de obtenção de N pela planta, uma interna via senescência foliar, e a segunda externa via deposição de...
RESUMO -Foi simulado e validado um modelo de cria e recria a pasto de fêmeas Nelore nos cerrados do Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Foram determinados os ganhos de peso médios diários (GMD) durante três anos: na primeira seca após a desmama, em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf., no período das águas e na segunda seca, em pastagem de Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia. Os GMD foram: 0,020; 0,550 e 0,172 kg, respectivamente. No segundo período das águas, fase de cria, as novilhas pastejaram em Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. Aos 24,33 meses de idade, as novilhas apresentaram peso vivo (PV) médio de 299 kg e no início do acasalamento, 25,51 ± 0,99 meses de idade (CV = 3,50%) e PV de 309,33 ± 19,19 kg (CV = 6,20%). A parição ocorreu aos 326,71 ± 19,98 dias (CV = 6,11%) após o início da estação de acasalamento, aos 36,26 meses de idade. A taxa média de prenhez foi de 88,4%. As novilhas prenhes foram 25,58 ± 9,97 dias mais velhas e 9,8 ± 7,04 kg mais pesadas que as não-gestantes. Os pesos vivos e as condições corporais no meio do período de acasalamento foram de 360 ± 31,00 kg e 2,94 ± 0,60; antes da parição, de 436 ± 30,86 kg e 4,57 ± 0,40; e na desmama dos bezerros, de 369 ± 33,89 kg e 3,11 ± 0,64.Verificaram-se taxa média de desmama de 75,6%, PV de 158 ± 20,1 kg e idade dos bezerros à desmama de 202 ± 16,6 dias.Novilhas Nelore recriadas em pastagens, com serviço aos 24/26 meses de idade em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens, tiveram alta produtividade.Palavras-chave: cria e recria de fêmeas, peso à desmama, peso e idade à primeira cria, taxa de desmama, taxa de prenhez Growth and reproductive performance of grazing females Nellore on cerrado of Central BrazilABSTRACT -A model fitted to grazing females Nellore during the rearing periods of the Cerrado Region of Central Brazil was simulated and validated in this study. Body weight gain (BWG) was determined during three years as follows: 1) first dry season after weaning on Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf., 2) rainfall season and 3) second dry season both on Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia and averaged 0.020, 0.550, and 0.172 kg, respectively. In the second rainfall season during the rearing period heifers grazed Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. At 24.33 months of age the heifers body weight (BW) averaged 299 kg while in the beginning of the mating season their age and BW averaged, respectively, 25.51 ± 0.99 months (CV = 3.50%) and 309.33 ± 19.19 kg (CV = 6.20%). On average, animals calved 326.71 ± 19.98 days (CV = 6.11) after the beginning of the mating season and 36.26 months of age. The mean pregnancy rate was 88.4%. The pregnant heifers were 25.58 ± 9.97 days older and 9.8 ± 7.04 kg heavier than those non-pregnant. The mean BW and body condition in the middle of the mating season were 360 ± 31.00 and 2.94 ± 0.60, before calving 436 ± 30.86 kg and 4.57 ± 0.40, and at weaning 369 ± 33.89 kg and 3.11 ± 0.64, respectively.The mean weaning rate was of 75.6%. Calves mean BW and age at weaning were of 158 ± 20.1 kg and 202 ± 16.6 days, respectively.Nellore heifers grazi...
The Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), is a cosmopolitan and economically important pest to several crops. Studies on N. viridula migration and population structure have been neglected. We studied geographically distinct Brazilian N. viridula populations to assess their variability and to determine gene flow among them. DNA from specimens collected on soybean fields were subjected to RAPD analysis to determine genetic similarity and population structure parameters. All N. viridula populations studied were genetically distinct from the others. The maximum similarity occurred between populations from Londrina and Sertanópolis (Parana State). The Cruz Alta population was the most divergent from the others. Despite the short distance between Cambé and Londrina (ca. 29 km), and the absence of geographic barriers, both populations clustered in different groups and the estimated gene flow index (Nm) among them was 2.02, indicating relatively restricted migration. The estimated overall index, Nm was 1.41 suggesting that N. viridula is a better flier than the Neotropical Brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Nm =0.83).
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