Herrn Prof. Dr. Christian Wandrey zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet Die Digitalisierung von Prozessen ist eines der aktuell dominierenden Themen und Missionen sowohl in der industriellen Produktion als auch der wissenschaftlichen Forschung. In der Biotechnologie haben diese Bemu ¨hungen ein enormes Potenzial, um existierende Bioprozesse zu optimieren oder neue Bioprozesse fu ¨r zuku ¨nftige Herausforderungen zu entwickeln. In diesem U ¨bersichtsbeitrag wird der aktuelle Stand der Digitalisierung in der Bioprozesstechnik beleuchtet, die Begriffe digitaler Zwilling und digitaler Schatten charakterisiert sowie ein Ausblick auf zuku ¨nftige Lab 4.0-Konzepte gegeben.
In this report, a fully integrated solution for laboratory digitization is presented. The approach presents a flexible and complete integration method for the digitally assisted workflow. The worker in the laboratory performs procedures in direct interaction with the digitized infrastructure that guides through the process and aids while performing tasks. The digital transformation of the laboratory starts with standardized integration of both new and “smart” lab devices, as well as legacy devices through a hardware gateway module. The open source Standardization in Lab Automation 2 standard is used for device communication. A central lab server channels all device communication and keeps a database record of every measurement, task and result generated or used in the lab. It acts as a central entry point for process management. This backbone enables a process control system to guide the worker through the lab process and provide additional assistance, like results of automated calculations or safety information. The description of the infrastructure and architecture is followed by a practical example on how to implement a digitized workflow. This approach is highly useful for – but not limited to – the biotechnological laboratory and has the potential to increase productivity in both industry and research for example by enabling automated documentation.
The electrical conductivity of the transition metal oxide Co1‐σO has been measured as a function of the oxygen activity and the temperature in the whole stability field of CoO using a very pure single crystal. The results are modelled in terms of a new conductivity model in which free electron holes as well as electron holes which are trapped by cation vacancies contribute to the conductivity. At low oxygen activities also electrons are considered. Within this model the following parameters are obtained: the two mass action constants, K1 and K11, for the incorporation of oxygen and the formation of singly ionized vacancies, the mobilities of free and trapped electron holes, b0 and b1, and the product of the electron mobility and the electronic mass action constant, Kebe. A microscopic interpretation of the model is made possible by translating the so‐called five‐frequency model for impurity diffusion to the conductivity problem. Then it is also possible to estimate the lifetime of the associate consisting of a doubly ionized vacancy and an electron hole, which is about twenty times larger than the residence time of an electron hole on a cation site.
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