During a 5-year period (1993-1997), the release of Uncinula necator (Schweiniz) Burrill ascospores was monitored under natural conditions in the Bordeaux region. Ascospore release always began after bud burst and generally ended before blossoming. The release periods of ascospores were always associated with a rainfall higher than 2 mm, a wetting duration greater than 2.5 h, an average temperature generally above 11°C and a daily mean temperature sum from November 1 to the first ascospore release above 1100°C. There was no relation between earliness, number of ascospores released, and disease severity on grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot). The primary infection did not appear to be important for the increase of the powdery mildew population; on the other hand, the weather conditions of April (rainfall and temperature) seemed to strongly influence disease severity on berries by enabling good growth of the pathogen on leaves. These findings could be used to determine the optimal dates of the first fungicide treatments for powdery mildew according to the weather conditions.Key words: cleistothecia, ascospores, release, weather conditions, powdery mildew, Uncinula necator, grapevine.
A laboratory technique was standardized for studying the release, maturation, germination, and pathogenicity of ascospores of Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr. Surface disinfestation and wetting of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) leaf disks bearing cleistothecia collected in the vineyard before incubation in a humid chamber for 48 h at 20°C were found essential for obtaining the release of ascospores (8 ascospores/cm2). Storage conditions involving periodic wetting treatments of cleistothecia at 5°C during 110 days were necessary to induce both ascospore release (80 ascospores/cm2) and germination ability (62%). The matured ascospores were pathogenic on healthy leaf disks at 20°C indicating their probable role as a primary inoculum source. This technique can be helpful in studying the inheritance of characteristics such as pathogenicity and fungicidal resistance.Key words: cleistothecia, ascospores, maturation, germination, pathogenicity, Uncinula necator, grapevine, powdery mildew.
The control of in vitro differentiation of perithecia of Guignardia bidwellii was made possible by the manipulation of the light and temperature of cultures grown on oatmeal agar medium. Perithecia were initiated during a 2-week period of growth at 25 °C in the dark, which was favorable for mycelial growth. Perithecial differentiation was dependent on light and temperature (5–15 °C) conditions. Under these conditions, perithecia were formed in sclerotia, which also contained pycnidia, at a minimum interval of 4 weeks. The ability of seventeen monoascospore cultures to differentiate mature perithecia demonstrates the homothallism of the fungus. Key words: Guignardia bidwellii, black rot, sexual cycle in vitro, homothallism, grapevine, Vitis vinifera.
L'étude in vitro des propriétés antagonistes de divers champignons à l'égard de Botrytis cinerea a permis de retenir une souche de Trichoderma viride particuliérement intéressante pour ses qualités biologiques et ses activités antibiotiques, compétitives et hyperparasitaires. l'utilisation de ce champignon dans la lutte contre la pourriture grise de la vigne, sous forme d'un broyat de culture pulvérisé sur les grappes, apporte une amelioration de l'état sanitaire de la vendange comparable à celle de la dichlofluanide appliquée aux mêmes périodes (méthode standard). On note l'importance primordiale des traitements précoces, en particulier de ceux avant et après la floraison. l'antagoniste colonise en effet la base nutritive constituée par les capuchons floraux sénescents et il limite ainsi une première installation en saprophytes de B. cinerea. l'analyse de la microflore dans les parcelles traitées met en évidence un retard d'environ un mois dans l'apparition de l'inoculum du parasite. Corrélativement, on observe le même décalage dans l'apparition des premiers foyers de la maladie dans le vignoble. Des traitements successifs, biologiques d'abord, chimiques ensuite, devraient permettre de réduire le nombre des interventions tout en conservant à la lutte une efficacité comparable à celle qu'elle a, grâce aux nouveaux fongicides tels que la vinchlozoline et la procymidone.
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