Eighteen horses, vaccinated on a number of occasions over a period of 12 to 20 months with either a live equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) or an inactivated EHV-1 vaccine, were challenged by the intranasal instillation of the subtype 1 virus isolated from the 1983 outbreak of abortion and paralytic disease at the Lipizzan Stud, Piber, Austria. The prechallenge serum titres of all vaccinated horses were remarkably low, although most horses had received their last vaccine dose only 3 weeks before test-infection. Higher titres were obtained with the inactivated product than with the live virus vaccine. However, no obvious differences were found between the two vaccines in their ability to prevent disease, in that all vaccinated and two 'sentinel' horses became infected and developed viraemia and some degree of clinical disease after challenge; five of the 10 in-foal mares aborted.
Summary
A subtype 1 isolate from the 1983 outbreak, which induced paralysis in 9 mares of the Lipizzan Stud at Piber/Austria and 5 other selected EHV 1 virus strains were examined for their neuropathogenicity for suckling mice by intracerebral infection. Some inoculated mice were killed after 3 days and some were observed for development of clinical disease or death. Mice surviving for 14 days were killed. Mortality varied from 18.9 to 94.4%, being highest for the British isolate from a horse with ataxia. Viral antigen was demonstrated by IIF exclusively in mouse litters inoculated with subtype 1 strains, but invariably in all of these, whereas no antigen was detected in any mouse inoculated with a subtype 2 strain. With 91.7% of IIF positive mice the most pronounced viral replication was found with the British ataxia isolate; the least viral replication was 30.0% in the mice inoculated with the Piber isolate. All subtype 1 strains replicated in neurones and glial cells of the olfactory lobe and in basal segments of the brain, and virus became partly disseminated into the cerebrum. In several mice viraemic spread to the heart and lung was observed. Two inbred mouse strains were equally susceptible to EHV 1 subtype 1 strains, which contrasts with the finding reported of differing neuropathogenicity of human HSV 1 and 2 in mice of several breeds. Brilliant IIF was obtained when an anti‐subtype 1 rabbit serum was used, whereas merely faint IIF could be detected with an anti‐subtype 2 rabbit serum. The suckling mouse, therefore, was able to distinguish between subtypes 1 and 2 of EHV 1, but was unable to disclose a “neurovirulence marker” in subtype 1 strains paralleling the clinical observations in field cases of horses infected by this particular subtype.
Zusammenfassung
Ein Subtyp I Isolat aus dem EHV 1‐Ausbruch 1983 im Lipizzanergestüt Piber, dem 9 Stuten durch Paralyse zum Opfer gefallen waren, und 5 weitere ausgewählte EHV 1‐Stämme wurden auf ihre Neuropathogenität für Säuglingsmäuse untersucht. Nach intracerebraler Virusinokulation in Säuglingsmäuse der Stämme Him:OF 1 (Swiss) SPF und AKR wurde die Mortalität beobachtet. Gestorbene sowie am 3. und 14. Tag p. i. euthanasierte Tiere wurden einer indirekten Immunofluoreszenzuntersuchung (IIF) an Gehirnlängsschnitten und Thoraxquerschnitten zum Nachweis von Virusvermehrung und virämischer Virusausbreitung zugeführt. Die Mortalität für Säuglingsmäuse variierte zwischen 18,8% und 94,4% und war beim britischen Virusstamm am höchsten, welcher aus einem Pferd mit Ataxie stammte. Virusantigen konnte mittels IIF ausschließlich in Mäusen festgestellt werden, die mit Subtyp 1‐Stämmen infiziert worden waren, indessen bei diesen ausnahmslos. Demgegenüber fiel die IIF bei sämtlichen untersuchten Subtyp 2 infizierten Tieren negativ aus. Mit 91,7% fanden wir die höchste Rate viruspositiver Mäuse nach Infektion mit dem britischen Ataxie‐Isolat, mit 30% die niedrigste in den mit dem Piber‐Isolat infizierten Mäusen. Sämtliche Subtyp 1‐Stämme vermehrten sich in Neuronen und Gliazel...
Three-dimensional (3D)-image-based anatomical analysis of rotator cuff tear patients has been proposed as a way to improve repair prognosis analysis to reduce the incidence of postoperative retear. However, for application in clinics, an efficient and robust method for the segmentation of anatomy from MRI is required. We present the use of a deep learning network for automatic segmentation of the humerus, scapula, and rotator cuff muscles with integrated automatic result verification. Trained on N = 111 and tested on N = 60 diagnostic T1-weighted MRI of 76 rotator cuff tear patients acquired from 19 centers, a nnU-Net segmented the anatomy with an average Dice coefficient of 0.91 ± 0.06. For the automatic identification of inaccurate segmentations during the inference procedure, the nnU-Net framework was adapted to allow for the estimation of label-specific network uncertainty directly from its subnetworks. The average Dice coefficient of segmentation results from the subnetworks identified labels requiring segmentation correction with an average sensitivity of 1.0 and a specificity of 0.94. The presented automatic methods facilitate the use of 3D diagnosis in clinical routine by eliminating the need for time-consuming manual segmentation and slice-by-slice segmentation verification.
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