Eighteen horses, vaccinated on a number of occasions over a period of 12 to 20 months with either a live equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) or an inactivated EHV-1 vaccine, were challenged by the intranasal instillation of the subtype 1 virus isolated from the 1983 outbreak of abortion and paralytic disease at the Lipizzan Stud, Piber, Austria. The prechallenge serum titres of all vaccinated horses were remarkably low, although most horses had received their last vaccine dose only 3 weeks before test-infection. Higher titres were obtained with the inactivated product than with the live virus vaccine. However, no obvious differences were found between the two vaccines in their ability to prevent disease, in that all vaccinated and two 'sentinel' horses became infected and developed viraemia and some degree of clinical disease after challenge; five of the 10 in-foal mares aborted.

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Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D)-image-based anatomical analysis of rotator cuff tear patients has been proposed as a way to improve repair prognosis analysis to reduce the incidence of postoperative retear. However, for application in clinics, an efficient and robust method for the segmentation of anatomy from MRI is required. We present the use of a deep learning network for automatic segmentation of the humerus, scapula, and rotator cuff muscles with integrated automatic result verification. Trained on N = 111 and tested on N = 60 diagnostic T1-weighted MRI of 76 rotator cuff tear patients acquired from 19 centers, a nnU-Net segmented the anatomy with an average Dice coefficient of 0.91 ± 0.06. For the automatic identification of inaccurate segmentations during the inference procedure, the nnU-Net framework was adapted to allow for the estimation of label-specific network uncertainty directly from its subnetworks. The average Dice coefficient of segmentation results from the subnetworks identified labels requiring segmentation correction with an average sensitivity of 1.0 and a specificity of 0.94. The presented automatic methods facilitate the use of 3D diagnosis in clinical routine by eliminating the need for time-consuming manual segmentation and slice-by-slice segmentation verification.

Summary A subtype 1 isolate from the 1983 outbreak, which induced paralysis in 9 mares of the Lipizzan Stud at Piber/Austria and 5 other selected EHV 1 virus strains were examined for their neuropathogenicity for suckling mice by intracerebral infection. Some inoculated mice were killed after 3 days and some were observed for development of clinical disease or death. Mice surviving for 14 days were killed. Mortality varied from 18.9 to 94.4%, being highest for the British isolate from a horse with ataxia. Viral antigen was demonstrated by IIF exclusively in mouse litters inoculated with subtype 1 strains, but invariably in all of these, whereas no antigen was detected in any mouse inoculated with a subtype 2 strain. With 91.7% of IIF positive mice the most pronounced viral replication was found with the British ataxia isolate; the least viral replication was 30.0% in the mice inoculated with the Piber isolate. All subtype 1 strains replicated in neurones and glial cells of the olfactory lobe and in basal segments of the brain, and virus became partly disseminated into the cerebrum. In several mice viraemic spread to the heart and lung was observed. Two inbred mouse strains were equally susceptible to EHV 1 subtype 1 strains, which contrasts with the finding reported of differing neuropathogenicity of human HSV 1 and 2 in mice of several breeds. Brilliant IIF was obtained when an anti‐subtype 1 rabbit serum was used, whereas merely faint IIF could be detected with an anti‐subtype 2 rabbit serum. The suckling mouse, therefore, was able to distinguish between subtypes 1 and 2 of EHV 1, but was unable to disclose a “neurovirulence marker” in subtype 1 strains paralleling the clinical observations in field cases of horses infected by this particular subtype. Zusammenfassung Ein Subtyp I Isolat aus dem EHV 1‐Ausbruch 1983 im Lipizzanergestüt Piber, dem 9 Stuten durch Paralyse zum Opfer gefallen waren, und 5 weitere ausgewählte EHV 1‐Stämme wurden auf ihre Neuropathogenität für Säuglingsmäuse untersucht. Nach intracerebraler Virusinokulation in Säuglingsmäuse der Stämme Him:OF 1 (Swiss) SPF und AKR wurde die Mortalität beobachtet. Gestorbene sowie am 3. und 14. Tag p. i. euthanasierte Tiere wurden einer indirekten Immunofluoreszenzuntersuchung (IIF) an Gehirnlängsschnitten und Thoraxquerschnitten zum Nachweis von Virusvermehrung und virämischer Virusausbreitung zugeführt. Die Mortalität für Säuglingsmäuse variierte zwischen 18,8% und 94,4% und war beim britischen Virusstamm am höchsten, welcher aus einem Pferd mit Ataxie stammte. Virusantigen konnte mittels IIF ausschließlich in Mäusen festgestellt werden, die mit Subtyp 1‐Stämmen infiziert worden waren, indessen bei diesen ausnahmslos. Demgegenüber fiel die IIF bei sämtlichen untersuchten Subtyp 2 infizierten Tieren negativ aus. Mit 91,7% fanden wir die höchste Rate viruspositiver Mäuse nach Infektion mit dem britischen Ataxie‐Isolat, mit 30% die niedrigste in den mit dem Piber‐Isolat infizierten Mäusen. Sämtliche Subtyp 1‐Stämme vermehrten sich in Neuronen und Gliazel...

Summary Enzootic diarrhea of calves has formed a serious problem and caused losses for years in the dairy herd kept at Vienna Veterinary University's Field Station. In previous investigations bovine coronavirus had been determined as the most pathogenic enteric agent, bovine rotavirus as secondary causal virus, whereas enteropathogenic E. coli and Cryptosporidia were present but insignificant causally. Two earlier systematic immunoprophylactic trials to reduce the incidence and severity of diarrheas of newborn calves failed. Vaccinating pregnant dams twice with a trivalent commercial vaccine containing live attenuated rotavirus and coronavirus plus K 99 + antigen of E. coli (Scourguard 3 [R]) mediated most remarkable results. These were recorded clinically and were assessed by performing daily ELISAs on calf fecal samples up to day 14 after birth for both rotavirus and coronavirus antigens. Shedding of enteropathogenic E. coli and of cryptosporidia were also controlled. Furthermore, antibody titres against rotavirus and coronavirus were determined in cows' blood serum, colostrum and whole milk as well as in calf sera, including control data from unvaccinated cows and their offspring. In addition, a number of calves originating from vaccinated or unvaccinated dams were perorally challenged with rotavirus and coronavirus, again daily screening their fecal samples for virus‐shedding by ELISA. Very remarkable protective effects of dam vaccination were found clinically as well as regarding the number and shortened duration of calf shedding of rotavirus. None of 242 fecal samples contained coronavirus and none of 80 contained enteropathogenic E. coli. It is emphasized that calves must be fed milk of their vaccinated dams for a full 14 days after birth, so as to extend the continuous lactogenic immunity over the period of maximal susceptibility to the 3 enteropathogenic agents incorporated in the vaccine. Zusammenfassung Reduktion der mit Rotavirus, Coronavirus und E. coli assoziierten Durchfälle neugeborener Kälber in einem großen Milchviehbestand durch Mutterkuh‐Impfungen mittels eines trivalenten Impfstoffes Enzootische Kälberdurchfälle bildeten seit Jahren ein ernsthaftes Problem und verursachten Verluste in der Rinderherde des Lehr‐ und Forschungsgutes der Veterinärmedizinischen Universität Wien. In früheren Erhebungen hatten wir ermittelt, daß bovines Coronavirus das Agens von höchster Pathogenität darstellte, daß bovines Rotavirus causal als zweitwichtigster Erreger fungierte, wogegen enteropathogene E. coli und Cryptosporidien wohl vorhanden aber ohne ursächliche Bedeutung für das Durchfallgeschehen waren. Zwei frühere systematische immunoprophylaktische Versuche, Häufigkeit wie Schweregrad der Durchfälle neugeborener Kälber zu reduzieren, hatten ihr Ziel nicht erreicht. Demgegenüber erbrachte nunmehr die zweimalige Schutzimpfung trächtiger Kühe mittels eines trivalenten Marktimpfstoffs, welcher lebende attenuierte Rotaviren und Coronaviren plus K 99 + Antigen von E. coli enthält (Scourguard 3 [R]), sehr bemerke...

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