Viraemia and abortions are not prevented by two commercial Equine Herpesvirus‐1 vaccines after experimental challenge of horses

Bürki, F; Rossmanith, W.; Nowotny, Norbert; Pallan, C.; Möstl, Karin; Lussy, Helga

doi:10.1080/01652176.1990.9694249

Cited by 80 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Three doses of vaccine provide a very strong level of protection against clinical disease and almost eliminated viraemia after infection. These results are in variance with earlier reports on the efficacy of this vaccine in preventing viraemia and abortion [11,12]. Reports from field use suggest good safety, although the vaccine is potentially pathogenic for the equine foetus as was demonstrated after direct intra-uterine inoculation of the vaccine strain [13].…”

Section: Current Vaccinescontrasting

confidence: 57%

Equine viral vaccines: the past, present and future

2004

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-The increasing international movement of horses combined with the relaxation of veterinary regulations has resulted in an increased incidence of equine infectious diseases. Vaccination, along with management measures, has become the primary method for the effective control of these diseases. Traditionally modified live and inactivated vaccines have been used and these vaccines have proven to be very successful in preventing disease. However, there are a number of equine infectious diseases for which conventional technology has shown its limitations. The advent of recombinant technology has stimulated the development of second generation vaccines, including gene deleted mutants, live vectored vaccines and DNA vaccines. These vaccines have in common that protective antigens are endogenously processed and presented along the molecules of the MHC I and MHC II complex, resulting in the stimulation of both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses similar to natural infection. The present paper provides a review of the vaccines being employed today against the most important equine viral diseases followed by a summary of new developments that are expected to bring improved vaccines to the market in the foreseeable future.

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Section: Current Vaccinescontrasting

confidence: 57%

Equine viral vaccines: the past, present and future

2004

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“…It is a major pathogen of horses with considerable economic and veterinary importance (Allen & Bryans, 1986). To date, control measures have proved inadequate, and although vaccines are available, their efficacy is controversial (Burrows et al, 1984;Allen & Bryans, 1986;Burki et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity of a Thymidine Kinase-Deficient Mutant of Equine Herpesvirus 1 in Mice and Specific Pathogen-Free Foals

Slater

Gibson

Field

1993

Journal of General Virology

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Both intranasal (i.n.) and intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation of mice with wild-type equine herpesvirus type 1 (wt EHV-1) caused clinical signs and mortality. Virus could be recovered from target organs (turbinates, lungs and blood) for several days. By contrast, the thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient deletion mutant PR1 produced markedly less clinical disease following both i.n. and i.c. inoculation, and, in particular, no mortality occurred.PR1 did, however, establish productive infections following either route of inoculation. High titres of virus were recovered from target organs although virus did not persist for as long as wt EHV-1 and no viraemia was detected. Primary i.n. infection of mice with either wt EHV-1 or PR1 protected against subsequent challenge with wt EHV-1 5 weeks later. I.n. inoculation of specific pathogen-free (EHV-free) foals with PR1 produced results similar to those observed after infection of mice.Clinical signs were milder than for wt EHV-1 and pyrexia was short-lived or absent. PR1 could be recovered from nasal mucus at high titres but it persisted for only 5 days post-infection compared to 11 days in the case of wt EHV-1. No viraemia was detected in foals infected with PR1. On challenge with wt EHV-1, foals given a primary infection with the mutant were partially protected; but a viraemia with a TK + EHV-1 was observed. These results demonstrate that our TK mutant PR1 is markedly less pathogenic than wt EHV-1, despite being able to replicate in the host. The use of TK-deficient mutants of EHV-1 as potential vaccines in the horse is discussed.

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“…Thus, the interactions between the two viruses during infection and the development of the immune responses are poorly understood. Commercial vaccines for EHV-1 derived from the homologous virus are available but have not been fully protective (Burrows et al, 1984;Allen & Bryans, 1986;Burki et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between equine herpesvirus type 1 and equine herpesvirus type 4: T cell responses in a murine infection model

Lila

Field

1993

Journal of General Virology

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Interactions involving the immune responses to equine herpesvirus types 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) were studied in a murine infection model. When mice were inoculated intranasally with EHV-1, virus replication occurred in the respiratory tract and clinical signs were produced. In contrast, mice that were similarly inoculated with EHV-4 produced no evidence of virus replication and showed no clinical signs. When mice that had been inoculated with live EHV-4 were challenged 1 month later with EHV-1 they were partially protected. Although clinical signs were apparent on reinfection, virus replication in the respiratory tract was reduced in these mice compared with control mice that had not been previously immunized. Mice primed with heat-inactivated EHV-4, however, were not so protected. Live EHV-4-primed mice developed very low levels of antibody to EHV-1 and the humoral response could not account for this protection. However, the infected mice did give a strong delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in a skin test using either EHV-1 or EHV-4 antigen. Spleen cells from EHV-4-primed donors provided a source of immune cells, including T cells which were used for transfer to recipient mice which were then challenged with EHV-1. The cells were protective; there was a reduction of virus replication on challenge with EHV-1 which correlated with the number of cells transferred. Modulation of the protective effect of primed cell populations was tested after depletion in vivo by means of complement-mediated lysis. The depletion of CD4-bearing cells produced the least effect on the protection afforded by cell transfer. In contrast, depletion of CD8-bearing ceils markedly reduced the protection in recipients. EHV-1 and EHV-4 are widespread in horses and cross-infections are common. These results gained from a murine model indicate that important interactions occur at the level of T cell immunity between the two virus types which warrant further investigation in the natural host.

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Viraemia and abortions are not prevented by two commercial Equine Herpesvirus‐1 vaccines after experimental challenge of horses

Cited by 80 publications

References 5 publications

Equine viral vaccines: the past, present and future

Equine viral vaccines: the past, present and future

Pathogenicity of a Thymidine Kinase-Deficient Mutant of Equine Herpesvirus 1 in Mice and Specific Pathogen-Free Foals

Interactions between equine herpesvirus type 1 and equine herpesvirus type 4: T cell responses in a murine infection model

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