Objective Data Plead to Suspend Import-Bans for Seroreactors Against Equine Arteritis Virus Except for Breeder Stallions

Bürki, F; Höfer, Anna; Nowotny, Norbert

doi:10.1080/09712119.1992.9705906

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Three mL of PBS were added to the bottom compartment. One mL of PBS containing 10 7.6 streptavidin-labeled microspheres (40nm) (Invitrogen) with slightly smaller dimensions compared to EAV particles (50-100nm) [10] was brought to the upper compartment, on top of the agarose layer. Zero, 1, 12, 48, 72 and 96 h later, 50 μL of fluid was collected from both the upper and the bottom compartments and analyzed with a fluoroskan ascent FL (Thermo lab system, Altrincham, GB, UK).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and use of a polarized equine upper respiratory tract mucosal explant system to study the early phase of pathogenesis of a European strain of equine arteritis virus

Vairo

Broeck

Favoreel

et al. 2013

Vet Res

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The upper respiratory tract mucosa represents the first line of defense, which has to be overcome by pathogens before invading the host. Considering the economic and ethical aspects involved in using experimental animals for pathogenesis studies, respiratory mucosal explants, in which the tissue’s three-dimensional architecture is preserved, may be ideal alternatives. Different respiratory mucosal explant cultures have been developed. However, none of them could be inoculated with pathogens solely at the epithelium side. In the present study, equine nasal and nasopharyngeal explants were embedded in agarose (3%), leaving the epithelium side exposed to allow apical inoculation. Morphometric analysis did not show degenerative changes during 72 h of cultivation. The number of apoptotic cells in the mucosa slightly increased over time. After validation, the system was used for apical infection with a European strain (08P178) of equine arteritis virus (EAV) (107.6TCID50/mL per explant). Impermeability of agarose to virus particles was demonstrated by the absence of labeled microspheres (40nm) and a lack of EAV-antigens in RK13 cells seeded underneath the agarose layer in which inoculated explants were embedded. At 72 hpi, 27% of the EAV-positive cells were CD172a+ and 19% were CD3+ in nasal explants and 45% of the EAV-positive cells were CD172a+ and 15% were CD3+ in nasopharyngeal explants. Only a small percentage of EAV-positive cells were IgM+. This study validates the usefulness of a polarized mucosal explant system and shows that CD172a+ myeloid cells and CD3+ T lymphocytes represent important EAV-target cells in the respiratory mucosa.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and use of a polarized equine upper respiratory tract mucosal explant system to study the early phase of pathogenesis of a European strain of equine arteritis virus

Vairo

Broeck

Favoreel

et al. 2013

Vet Res

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“…; Bürki et al . ). Venereal infection is an efficient means of transmission with seroconversion of 85–100% of seronegative mares bred to shedding stallions (Timoney et al .…”

Section: Equine Viral Arteritismentioning

confidence: 97%

Abortogenic viruses in horses

Bażanów

Jackulak

Frącka

et al. 2013

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary Viral causes of abortion include equine viral arteritis (EVA) and infection with equine herpesviruses‐1 and ‐4 (EHV‐1 and EHV‐4). Transmission of equine arteritis virus (EAV) occurs through respiratory, venereal or transplacental routes. Horizontal respiratory transmission of EAV results from exposure to infective nasopharyngeal secretions from acutely infected horses. For this transmission to occur, direct and close contact between horses is necessary. Venereal infection is an efficient method of transmission, with seroconversion of 85 to 100% of seronegative mares bred to virus shedding stallions. Asymptomatic carrier stallions are the essential natural reservoir of equine arteritis virus. Equine herpesviruses‐1 and ‐4 infect a susceptible host, replicate and establish a lifelong latent infection without any associated clinical signs. Reactivation of latent infections can result from factors such as stress and intercurrent disease. The control of these diseases is by implementation of appropriate management and hygiene measures, supplemented by vaccination and, in the case of EVA, by the identification of persistently infected stallions, which can be removed from breeding or continue to be bred to if managed under controlled conditions to prevent the risk of an outbreak of the disease.

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“…In that regard, infection is endemic among Standardbred but not Thoroughbred horses in the USA, with 77.5-84.3% of all Standardbreds, but only 0-5.4% of Thoroughbreds being seropositive [15,40,41]. The seroprevalence of EAV infection in Warmblood stallions is also very high in a number of European countries, e.g., 55-93% of Austrian Warmblood stallions were positive for antibodies to EAV [42,43]. Although breed-specific differences might reflect inherent genetic differences that confer resistance to infection, they are more likely reflective of different cultural and management factors within horse populations and breeds.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%